《名词性从句思维导图》
I. 概述
名词性从句在句子中起名词作用,可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等成分。理解和运用名词性从句是掌握复杂句子的关键。本思维导图旨在系统梳理名词性从句的构成、分类和用法,帮助读者建立清晰的知识框架。
II. 名词性从句的构成
A. 引导词的选择
- 连接词 (Connectives):
- that: 无词义,仅起连接作用,通常不充当从句成分。在某些情况下可以省略。
- 示例:I believe that he is honest.
- whether / if: 引导一般疑问句,表示“是否”。 whether更正式,通常用于书面语,可以引导介词宾语从句,也可以与or not连用。 if 在引导主语从句时,通常用 whether 代替。
- 示例:I don't know whether he will come.
- 示例:I wonder if it will rain.
- that: 无词义,仅起连接作用,通常不充当从句成分。在某些情况下可以省略。
- 连接代词 (Relative Pronouns):
- who, whom, whose, what, which: 引导特殊疑问句,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
- 示例:Who broke the window is unknown. (主语从句)
- 示例:I don't know what he wants. (宾语从句)
- who, whom, whose, what, which: 引导特殊疑问句,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
- 连接副词 (Relative Adverbs):
- when, where, why, how: 引导特殊疑问句,并在从句中充当地点、时间、原因、方式状语。
- 示例:When he will arrive is uncertain. (主语从句)
- 示例:I don't know where he lives. (宾语从句)
- when, where, why, how: 引导特殊疑问句,并在从句中充当地点、时间、原因、方式状语。
B. 语序
名词性从句通常使用陈述语序,即使是从疑问句转换而来。
- 错误:I don't know what does he want.
- 正确:I don't know what he wants.
III. 名词性从句的分类与用法
A. 主语从句
- 定义: 在句子中充当主语。
- 位置: 位于句首,谓语动词使用单数形式。
- 结构: 引导词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分。
- it 作形式主语: 为了避免句子头重脚轻,常用 it 作形式主语,将主语从句后置。
- 示例:That he is guilty is obvious. (主语从句)
- 示例:It is obvious that he is guilty. (it 作形式主语)
B. 宾语从句
- 定义: 在句子中充当宾语,位于及物动词、介词或非谓语动词之后。
- 位置: 位于动词、介词或非谓语动词之后。
- 引导词: that (有时可省略), whether/if, 连接代词/副词。
- 示例:
- 动词宾语:I think that he is a good man.
- 介词宾语:I am worried about what he said.
- 非谓语动词宾语:Seeing is believing what he does.
C. 表语从句
- 定义: 在句子中充当表语,位于系动词之后。
- 位置: 位于系动词 (如 be 动词, seem, look, become 等) 之后。
- 引导词: that, whether, as if, as though, 连接代词/副词。
- 示例:
- The problem is that we don't have enough money.
- It seems as if it's going to rain.
D. 同位语从句
- 定义: 对某个名词进行解释说明,与该名词在意义上等同。
- 位置: 通常位于抽象名词 (如 fact, idea, news, hope, suggestion, belief, doubt) 之后。
- 引导词: that, whether, 连接代词/副词。
- 特点: that 在同位语从句中不可省略,并且不充当从句成分。
- 示例:
- The fact that he lied surprised me.
- I have no idea whether he will come.
- The question how we can solve the problem is important.
IV. 特殊情况
A. it 作形式主语/宾语
- 形式主语: 常见结构 It + be + 形容词 + that-clause。
- 示例:It is important that you study hard.
- 形式宾语: 动词 + it + 形容词 + that-clause。
- 示例:I think it necessary that you be there.
B. 引导词 as
- as 可以引导主语从句和表语从句,表示“正如…一样”。
- 示例:As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.
- 示例:Things turned out as we expected.
C. no matter 引导的名词性从句
- no matter what/who/which/when/where/how 引导的从句具有名词性功能,可以充当主语、宾语等。
- 示例:No matter what you say, I won't believe you. (宾语从句)
V. 总结
掌握名词性从句的关键在于理解其构成和功能,熟练运用引导词,并注意语序和时态的变化。通过大量的练习,才能真正掌握这种重要的语法结构,提升英语表达能力。