《初中英语语法思维导图》

I. 词法 (Morphology)

A. 名词 (Nouns)

1. 分类 (Classification):
   • 可数名词 (Countable Nouns): 单数 (Singular), 复数 (Plural) -规则变化, 不规则变化
   • 不可数名词 (Uncountable Nouns): 物质名词 (Material Nouns), 抽象名词 (Abstract Nouns), 集体名词 (Collective Nouns)
     2. 所有格 (Possessive Case):
   • 's 所有格: 单数名词, 不规则复数名词
   • of 所有格: 无生命名词, 较长名词短语
   • 双重所有格: of + 名词所有格
     3. 名词的数 (Number):
   • 规则变化: 加 -s, -es
   • 不规则变化: children, men, women, teeth, feet, mice, sheep, deer
   • 单复数同形: sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese
     4. 名词的功能 (Functions):
   • 主语 (Subject)
   • 宾语 (Object): 直接宾语, 间接宾语
   • 表语 (Predicate Nominative)
   • 同位语 (Appositive)
   • 定语 (Attributive)

B. 代词 (Pronouns)

1. 人称代词 (Personal Pronouns):
   • 主格 (Subjective Case): I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
   • 宾格 (Objective Case): me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
   • 物主代词 (Possessive Pronouns): my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their; mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
     2. 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns): this, that, these, those
     3. 疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronouns): who, whom, whose, which, what
     4. 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronouns):
   • some, any, no, every 及其合成词: someone, anyone, nobody, everybody, something, anything, nothing, everything
   • one, other, another, all, both, few, many, little, much
     5. 反身代词 (Reflexive Pronouns): myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
     6. 相互代词 (Reciprocal Pronouns): each other, one another

C. 形容词 (Adjectives)

1. 分类 (Classification):
   • 性质形容词 (Descriptive Adjectives): 描述性质
   • 数量形容词 (Quantitative Adjectives): 描述数量
     • 确数词 (Cardinal Numbers): one, two, three...
     • 序数词 (Ordinal Numbers): first, second, third...
       2. 用法 (Usage):
   • 作定语 (Attributive): 修饰名词
   • 作表语 (Predicate Adjective): 系动词后
     3. 比较级 (Comparison):
   • 原级 (Positive Degree): as...as
   • 比较级 (Comparative Degree): -er, more...than
   • 最高级 (Superlative Degree): -est, most...

D. 副词 (Adverbs)

1. 分类 (Classification):
   • 时间副词 (Adverbs of Time): now, then, today, tomorrow, yesterday, soon
   • 地点副词 (Adverbs of Place): here, there, everywhere, nowhere, outside, inside
   • 方式副词 (Adverbs of Manner): quickly, slowly, carefully, badly, well
   • 程度副词 (Adverbs of Degree): very, quite, too, enough, much, little, so, hardly
   • 频率副词 (Adverbs of Frequency): always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never
   • 疑问副词 (Interrogative Adverbs): where, when, why, how
   • 关系副词 (Relative Adverbs): where, when, why
     2. 用法 (Usage):
   • 修饰动词 (Modifying Verbs)
   • 修饰形容词 (Modifying Adjectives)
   • 修饰副词 (Modifying Adverbs)
   • 修饰整个句子 (Modifying the Whole Sentence)
     3. 比较级 (Comparison): 规则变化, 不规则变化

E. 动词 (Verbs)

1. 分类 (Classification):
   • 实义动词 (Notional Verbs): 及物动词 (Transitive Verbs), 不及物动词 (Intransitive Verbs)
   • 系动词 (Linking Verbs): be, become, seem, look, feel, taste, smell, sound, get, turn
   • 助动词 (Auxiliary Verbs): be, do, have, shall, will, should, would
   • 情态动词 (Modal Verbs): can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, need, dare
     2. 时态 (Tenses):
   • 一般现在时 (Simple Present Tense)
   • 现在进行时 (Present Continuous Tense)
   • 一般过去时 (Simple Past Tense)
   • 过去进行时 (Past Continuous Tense)
   • 一般将来时 (Simple Future Tense): will/shall + do, be going to + do
   • 过去将来时 (Past Future Tense): would/should + do
   • 现在完成时 (Present Perfect Tense): have/has + done
     3. 语态 (Voice):
   • 主动语态 (Active Voice)
   • 被动语态 (Passive Voice): be + done
     4. 非谓语动词 (Non-finite Verbs):
   • 动词不定式 (Infinitive): to do
   • 动名词 (Gerund): doing
   • 分词 (Participle): 现在分词 (doing), 过去分词 (done)
     5. 主谓一致 (Subject-Verb Agreement): 语法一致, 意义一致, 就近原则

F. 介词 (Prepositions)

1. 分类 (Classification):
   • 简单介词 (Simple Prepositions): in, on, at, to, for, with, from, by, of
   • 合成介词 (Compound Prepositions): into, onto, within, without, throughout
   • 短语介词 (Phrasal Prepositions): in front of, because of, in spite of, according to
     2. 用法 (Usage):
   • 表示时间 (Time): at, on, in, during, before, after, since, for, until
   • 表示地点 (Place): in, on, at, above, below, under, near, behind, beside, between, among
   • 表示方式 (Manner): by, with, in
   • 表示目的 (Purpose): for
   • 表示原因 (Reason): because of, due to, owing to
   • 表示所属 (Belonging): of

G. 连词 (Conjunctions)

1. 分类 (Classification):
   • 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions): and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet
   • 从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunctions): that, if, whether, because, although, though, as, since, until, when, where, before, after

H. 感叹词 (Interjections)

1. oh, ah, alas, hello, hi

II. 句法 (Syntax)

A. 简单句 (Simple Sentences)

1. 基本句型 (Basic Sentence Patterns):
   • S + V (主 + 谓)
   • S + V + O (主 + 谓 + 宾)
   • S + V + O + O (主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾)
   • S + V + C (主 + 系 + 表)
   • S + V + O + C (主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补)

B. 并列句 (Compound Sentences)

1. 由并列连词连接两个或多个简单句。

C. 复合句 (Complex Sentences)

1. 主语从句 (Subject Clauses): that, whether, if, what, who, which, when, where, why, how
   2. 宾语从句 (Object Clauses): that, whether, if, what, who, which, when, where, why, how
   3. 表语从句 (Predicate Nominative Clauses): that, what, who, which, when, where, why, how
   4. 同位语从句 (Appositive Clauses): that, whether, if, what, who, which, when, where, why, how
   5. 定语从句 (Attributive Clauses): who, whom, which, that, whose, when, where, why
      • 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns)
      • 关系副词 (Relative Adverbs)
   6. 状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses):
      • 时间状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses of Time): when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as
      • 地点状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses of Place): where, wherever
      • 原因状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses of Reason): because, as, since
      • 目的状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses of Purpose): so that, in order that
      • 结果状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses of Result): so...that, such...that
      • 条件状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses of Condition): if, unless, as long as, on condition that
      • 让步状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses of Concession): although, though, even if, even though, as
      • 方式状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses of Manner): as, as if, as though
      • 比较状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses of Comparison): as...as, than

D. 特殊句型 (Special Sentence Structures)

1. 倒装句 (Inversion): 全部倒装, 部分倒装
   2. 强调句 (Emphasis): It is/was...that/who...
   3. 省略句 (Ellipsis)
   4. 祈使句 (Imperative Sentences)
   5. 感叹句 (Exclamatory Sentences)

E. 直接引语和间接引语 (Direct and Indirect Speech)

1. 时态变化 (Tense Changes)
   2. 人称变化 (Pronoun Changes)
   3. 指示代词变化 (Demonstrative Pronoun Changes)
   4. 时间地点状语变化 (Adverbial Changes)
   5. 陈述句 (Declarative Sentences)
   6. 一般疑问句 (General Questions)
   7. 特殊疑问句 (Wh-Questions)
   8. 祈使句 (Imperative Sentences)

III. 语态 (Mood) (初中阶段不作要求，但需要简单了解)

A. 陈述语气 (Indicative Mood)

B. 祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)

C. 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood): if 条件句，wish 表达愿望等

IV. 标点符号 (Punctuation)

A. 句号 (Period/Full Stop) (.)

B. 问号 (Question Mark) (?)

C. 叹号 (Exclamation Mark) (!)

D. 逗号 (Comma) (,)

E. 分号 (Semicolon) (;)

F. 冒号 (Colon) (:)

G. 引号 (Quotation Marks) (" ")

H. 撇号/所有格符号 (Apostrophe) (')

V. 学习方法建议

• 理解概念: 不要死记硬背，要理解语法规则背后的逻辑。
• 多做练习: 通过练习巩固语法知识，并学会应用。
• 阅读英语: 通过阅读提高语感，体会语法在实际应用中的作用。
• 记录错误: 记录常犯的语法错误，并及时纠正。
• 创建自己的思维导图: 整理自己的语法笔记，形成个性化的知识体系。
• 利用在线资源: 寻找优质的在线语法学习资源，例如语法网站、APP等。
• 向老师和同学请教: 积极与老师和同学交流，共同学习进步。

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