《英语代词思维导图》

中心主题：英语代词 (English Pronouns)

I. 人称代词 (Personal Pronouns)

• 主格 (Subject Pronouns):

  • 定义：句子中充当主语的代词。
  • 形式：
    • 单数：I (我), you (你/您), he (他), she (她), it (它)
    • 复数：we (我们), you (你们/您们), they (他们/她们/它们)
  • 用法举例：
    • I am a student.
    • You are my friend.
    • He likes to play basketball.
    • She sings very well.
    • It is raining outside.
    • We are going to the park.
    • They are from China.

• 宾格 (Object Pronouns):

  • 定义：句子中充当动词或介词的宾语的代词。
  • 形式：
    • 单数：me (我), you (你/您), him (他), her (她), it (它)
    • 复数：us (我们), you (你们/您们), them (他们/她们/它们)
  • 用法举例：
    • She loves me.
    • I can help you.
    • He gave the book to him.
    • She told her a secret.
    • I saw it on the table.
    • They are helping us.
    • The teacher praised them.

• 形容词性物主代词 (Possessive Adjectives):

  • 定义：修饰名词，表示所有关系的代词，后面必须跟名词。
  • 形式：
    • 单数：my (我的), your (你的/您的), his (他的), her (她的), its (它的)
    • 复数：our (我们的), your (你们的/您们的), their (他们的/她们的/它们的)
  • 用法举例：
    • This is my book.
    • Is this your car?
    • His house is very big.
    • Her name is Mary.
    • The dog wagged its tail.
    • Our school is the best.
    • Their parents are teachers.

• 名词性物主代词 (Possessive Pronouns):

  • 定义：代替名词，表示所有关系的代词，后面不能跟名词。
  • 形式：
    • 单数：mine (我的), yours (你的/您的), his (他的), hers (她的), its (它的 - 极少使用)
    • 复数：ours (我们的), yours (你们的/您们的), theirs (他们的/她们的/它们的)
  • 用法举例：
    • This book is mine.
    • Is this car yours?
    • That house is his.
    • The red dress is hers.
    • This is ours.
    • That school is theirs.

• 反身代词 (Reflexive Pronouns):

  • 定义：动作的执行者和承受者是同一个人的代词，通常作宾语、表语或同位语。
  • 形式：
    • 单数：myself (我自己), yourself (你自己/您自己), himself (他自己), herself (她自己), itself (它自己)
    • 复数：ourselves (我们自己), yourselves (你们自己/您们自己), themselves (他们自己/她们自己/它们自己)
  • 用法举例：
    • I hurt myself.
    • You should believe in yourself.
    • He cut himself shaving.
    • She cooked dinner herself.
    • The cat cleaned itself.
    • We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
    • They built the house themselves.

• 强调代词 (Emphatic Pronouns):

  • 定义：与反身代词形式相同，但用来强调名词或代词，可以去掉而不影响句子的完整性。
  • 形式：与反身代词相同。
  • 用法举例：
    • I myself saw it happen. (我亲眼看到这件事发生。)
    • She herself wrote the letter. (她自己写了这封信。)
    • They themselves built the house. (他们自己建造了这栋房子。)

II. 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns)

• 种类：

  • this (这个): 指示近处单数的事物。
  • that (那个): 指示远处单数的事物。
  • these (这些): 指示近处复数的事物。
  • those (那些): 指示远处复数的事物。

• 用法举例：

  • This is my book.
  • That is her car.
  • These are my friends.
  • Those are their children.

III. 疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronouns)

• 种类：

  • who (谁): 询问人。
  • whom (谁): 询问宾语。
  • whose (谁的): 询问所有关系。
  • what (什么): 询问事物。
  • which (哪个): 在几个事物中选择。

• 用法举例：

  • Who is that man?
  • Whom did you see?
  • Whose book is this?
  • What is your name?
  • Which do you prefer, coffee or tea?

IV. 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns)

• 种类：

  • who (谁): 指代人，在从句中作主语。
  • whom (谁): 指代人，在从句中作宾语。
  • whose (谁的): 指代人或物，表示所有关系。
  • which (哪个): 指代事物，在从句中作主语或宾语。
  • that (那个): 指代人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语 (有时可以替代 who, whom, which)。

• 用法举例：

  • The man who is talking to her is my teacher.
  • The person whom I saw was very tall.
  • The girl whose car was stolen is very upset.
  • The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
  • The car that I bought is very expensive.

V. 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronouns)

• 种类 (部分):

  • somebody/someone (某人)
  • anybody/anyone (任何人)
  • everybody/everyone (每个人)
  • nobody/no one (没有人)
  • something (某事)
  • anything (任何事)
  • everything (每件事)
  • nothing (没事)
  • each (每个)
  • either (两者之一)
  • neither (两者都不)
  • one (一个)
  • other (其他的)
  • another (另一个)
  • both (两者都)
  • few (少数)
  • many (许多)
  • several (几个)
  • all (所有)
  • most (大多数)
  • none (没有)

• 用法举例：

  • Somebody is knocking at the door.
  • Is anyone there?
  • Everybody likes ice cream.
  • Nobody knows the answer.
  • I need something to drink.
  • Do you have anything to say?
  • Everything is ready.
  • There is nothing to worry about.
  • Each of the students received a prize.
  • You can choose either the red one or the blue one.
  • Neither of them is correct.
  • One should always be polite.
  • I have other things to do.
  • I want another cup of coffee.
  • Both of them are good students.
  • Few people know the truth.
  • Many people attended the concert.
  • Several students were absent.
  • All of the students passed the exam.
  • Most of the people agreed with the plan.
  • None of the food was eaten.

VI. 代词一致 (Pronoun Agreement)

• 规则：代词必须与其所指代的名词（先行词）在数（单复数）和性（阳性/阴性/中性）上保持一致。

• 例子：

  • The student is reading his book. (单数，阳性)
  • The students are reading their books. (复数)
  • The dog is wagging its tail. (单数，中性)
  • Each student should bring his/her own book. (单数，性别不确定，可以使用his/her，或者重写句子)

VII. 特殊情况和注意事项

• Collective Nouns (集合名词): 集合名词可以指代整体或个体成员，代词的选择取决于语境。 Example: The team won its game. (指代整体) The team are wearing their uniforms. (指代个体成员)
• 使用"it"指代婴儿的性别未确定时。
• 避免性别歧视：尽量避免使用单一性别代词，可以使用"they" (单数) 或 重写句子。
• 模糊指代和避免重复：合理使用代词可以使语言更简洁流畅。

VIII. 练习与应用

• 句子填空：根据语境选择合适的代词填空。
• 改错题：找出句子中代词使用错误并改正。
• 写作练习：在写作中使用各种代词，注意代词的一致性和清晰度。