《英语一般现在时思维导图》
一、构成 (Formation/Structure)
1. 核心要素
- 动词形式: 使用动词原形 (Base Form) 或 第三人称单数形式 (Third-person Singular Form, 即动词 + -s/-es)。
- 助动词: 在否定句和疑问句中使用
do
/does
。
- 助动词: 在否定句和疑问句中使用
2. 肯定句 (Affirmative Sentences)
- 结构:
主语 (Subject) + 动词 (Verb - base form / +s/es) + (其他成分)
- 第一/二人称 & 复数主语:
主语 + 动词原形
I **like** coffee.
You **speak** English well.
We **play** basketball every Saturday.
They **work** in a hospital.
- 第三人称单数主语 (He, She, It, 单数名词, 不可数名词等):
主语 + 动词 + -s/-es
He **likes** coffee.
She **speaks** English well.
It **rains** a lot here.
The dog **barks** loudly.
My brother **studies** hard.
- 第一/二人称 & 复数主语:
3. 否定句 (Negative Sentences)
- 结构:
主语 (Subject) + do/does + not + 动词原形 (Verb - base form) + (其他成分)
- 助动词选择:
do not (don't)
: 用于第一/二人称及复数主语 (I, You, We, They, 复数名词)does not (doesn't)
: 用于第三人称单数主语 (He, She, It, 单数名词)
- 注意: 助动词
do/does
出现后,其后的谓语动词必须使用原形。 - 示例:
I **do not (don't) like** tea.
You **do not (don't) live** here.
We **do not (don't) have** class on Sunday.
They **do not (don't) watch** TV often.
He **does not (doesn't) like** tea.
She **does not (doesn't) live** here.
It **does not (doesn't) work** properly.
My sister **does not (doesn't) play** the piano.
- 助动词选择:
4. 疑问句 (Interrogative Sentences)
- (1) 一般疑问句 (Yes/No Questions)
- 结构:
Do/Does + 主语 (Subject) + 动词原形 (Verb - base form) + (其他成分)?
- 助动词选择: 同否定句 (
Do
用于 I, You, We, They等;Does
用于 He, She, It等)。 - 注意: 动词必须使用原形。
- 示例:
**Do** you **like** spicy food?
(Yes, I do. / No, I don't.)**Do** they **know** the truth?
(Yes, they do. / No, they don't.)**Does** he **work** here?
(Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.)**Does** she **speak** French?
(Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.)**Does** it **snow** in winter here?
(Yes, it does. / No, it doesn't.)- (2) 特殊疑问句 (Wh- Questions)
- 结构:
疑问词 (Wh-word) + do/does + 主语 (Subject) + 动词原形 (Verb - base form) + (其他成分)?
- 注意: 动词必须使用原形。
- 当疑问词作主语或修饰主语时: 结构同肯定句,动词根据疑问词所指代的人/物决定单复数形式。
- 示例:
What **do** you **want**?
Where **does** she **live**?
When **do** they **start** work?
Why **does** he **look** so sad?
How often **do** you **go** swimming?
Who **likes** reading?
(Who 作主语,视为第三人称单数)Which book **belongs** to you?
(Which book 作主语)
- 结构:
二、主要用法 (Main Usages)
1. 表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态
- 通常与频度副词 (如 always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never) 或时间状语短语 (如 every day, on Sundays, twice a week) 连用。
He **gets up** at 6:30 every morning.
(他每天早上6:30起床。)I **usually walk** to school.
(我通常步行上学。)They **play** football after school.
(他们放学后踢足球。)She **never eats** breakfast.
(她从不吃早餐。)
2. 表示普遍真理、客观事实或自然现象
- 这些情况不受时间限制,是永恒的或普遍适用的。
The sun **rises** in the east and **sets** in the west.
(太阳东升西落。)Water **boils** at 100 degrees Celsius.
(水在100摄氏度时沸腾。)The Earth **moves** around the Sun.
(地球围绕太阳转。)Practice **makes** perfect.
(熟能生巧。) - (谚语也属于此类)
3. 表示主语的性格、能力、特征或职业
- 描述相对稳定持久的特性。
She **speaks** fluent English.
(她英语说得很流利。) - (能力)He **works** as a teacher.
(他是一名教师。) - (职业)My mother **is** very kind.
(我妈妈非常善良。) - (性格, 使用be动词的一般现在时)This book **contains** useful information.
(这本书包含有用的信息。) - (特征)
4. 表示按规定、计划或时刻表安排好的未来动作
- 常用于表示公共交通的时刻表、课程表、会议安排、节目预告等固定安排。
The train **leaves** at 8:00 AM tomorrow.
(火车明天早上8点出发。)The meeting **starts** at 2 PM.
(会议下午2点开始。)Our class **begins** at 8:00.
(我们的课8点开始。)What time **does** the film **start**?
(电影几点开始?)
5. 用于某些表示状态、感觉、心理活动、拥有或度量的动词 (State Verbs)
- 这类动词通常不用于进行时态,即使描述当前的状况也用一般现在时。
- 常见的状态动词:
be, seem, appear, look (看起来), sound, taste, smell, feel (感觉起来)
- 常见的心理活动动词:
know, believe, understand, remember, forget, think (认为), suppose, doubt, agree, disagree
- 常见的拥有关系动词:
have (拥有), own, possess, belong to
- 常见的感官动词:
see, hear
(表示感官能力或非主动的感知) - 常见的喜好厌恶动词:
like, love, hate, prefer, want, wish, need
I **believe** you.
(我相信你。) - (当前状态)She **looks** tired.
(她看起来很累。) - (当前状态)This soup **tastes** delicious.
(这汤尝起来很美味。) - (当前状态)He **owns** two cars.
(他拥有两辆车。) - (当前状态)Do you **understand** the question?
(你明白这个问题吗?) - (当前状态)
- 常见的状态动词:
6. 用于故事叙述、体育解说或戏剧说明 (制造生动感、现场感)
- 使过去的事件或正在进行的动作显得更加生动和直接。
Suddenly, the door **opens** and a stranger **enters** the room.
(突然,门开了,一个陌生人走进房间。) - (讲故事)Johnson **passes** the ball to Peterson. Peterson **shoots**... He **scores**!
(约翰逊把球传给彼得森。彼得森射门……他得分了!) - (体育解说)
三、第三人称单数动词变化规则 (Third-Person Singular Verb Change Rules)
当主语是第三人称单数 (he, she, it, a singular noun, an uncountable noun) 时,谓语动词需要变化:
1. 一般情况: 直接在动词原形后加 -s
work
->works
play
->plays
read
->reads
run
->runs
2. 以 -s
, -x
, -ch
, -sh
, -o
结尾的动词: 加 -es
,读音 /ɪz/
pass
->passes
fix
->fixes
watch
->watches
wash
->washes
go
->goes
do
->does
(/dʌz/)
3. 以 "辅音字母 + y" 结尾的动词: 变 y
为 i
,再加 -es
study
->studies
try
->tries
cry
->cries
fly
->flies
- 注意: 以 "元音字母 + y" 结尾的动词,直接加
-s
。如:play
->plays
,stay
->stays
,enjoy
->enjoys
.
4. 特殊变化
have
->has
be
->is
(一般现在时第三人称单数形式)
四、常用时间状语 (Common Time Adverbs/Expressions)
一般现在时常与以下表示频率或时间规律的状语连用:
1. 频度副词 (Adverbs of Frequency)
always
(总是)usually
,normally
,generally
(通常)often
,frequently
(经常)sometimes
,occasionally
(有时)seldom
,rarely
(很少)hardly ever
(几乎从不)never
(从不)- 位置: 通常位于行为动词之前,be动词、助动词或情态动词之后。
He **often** plays chess.
She **is always** late.
Do you **usually** eat out?
2. 表示时间规律的短语
every day / week / month / year / morning / Sunday...
(每天/周/月/年/早上/星期天...)once / twice / three times a day / week / month...
(一天/周/月...一次/两次/三次...)on weekdays / weekends
(在工作日/周末)in the morning / afternoon / evening
(在早上/下午/晚上)at night
(在夜间)from time to time
(时常)now and then
(时而)
五、注意事项与常见错误 (Points to Note & Common Mistakes)
1. 与现在进行时的区别
- 一般现在时: 强调习惯、规律、事实、状态。
- 现在进行时: 强调此时此刻正在进行的动作或现阶段的临时安排。
- 对比:
He **teaches** English.
(他是英语老师/他教英语 - 职业/习惯) vs.He **is teaching** English now.
(他现在正在教英语 - 当前动作)
2. 第三人称单数形式遗漏 -s/-es
- 这是初学者最常见的错误之一。
- 错误:
*He like playing computer games.
- 正确:
He **likes** playing computer games.
- 错误:
3. 否定句和疑问句中误用动词形式
- 错误:
*Does she likes music?
/*She doesn't likes music.
- 正确:
**Does** she **like** music?
/She **doesn't like** music.
(使用助动词do/does
后,动词用原形)
- 正确:
4. 肯定句中滥用助动词 do/does
- 除非表示强调,否则肯定句不需要助动词
do/does
。- 错误:
*I do go to school every day.
(除非强调"我确实每天都去") - 正确:
I **go** to school every day.
- 错误:
5. Be 动词与实义动词混淆
- Be 动词有自己独立的否定和疑问形式,不借助
do/does
。- 错误:
*He doesn't be happy.
/*Does he is happy?
- 正确:
He **isn't** happy.
/**Is** he happy?
- 错误:
*He is like apples.
(不能同时使用 be 动词和实义动词作谓语) - 正确:
He **likes** apples.
- 错误:
通过掌握以上构成、用法、规则和注意事项,可以更准确、有效地使用英语一般现在时进行表达。