《英语现在完成时思维导图》

中心主题：现在完成时 (Present Perfect)

主分支 1：构成 (Formation)

• 辅助动词： have / has
  • 主语是 I, you, we, they：have
  • 主语是 he, she, it：has
• 主要动词： 过去分词 (Past Participle)
  • 规则动词：动词原形 + -ed (例：played, walked, studied)
  • 不规则动词：记忆不规则变化形式 (例：gone, seen, eaten) (参见动词不规则变化表)
• 肯定句： 主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + (其他成分)
  • 例：I have eaten breakfast. He has finished his work.
• 否定句： 主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词 + (其他成分)
  • have not = haven't
  • has not = hasn't
  • 例：I haven't eaten breakfast. He hasn't finished his work.
• 一般疑问句： Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + (其他成分)?
  • 例：Have you eaten breakfast? Has he finished his work?
  • 简短回答：Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't.
• 特殊疑问句： 疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 过去分词 + (其他成分)?
  • 例：What have you eaten? Where has he gone?
• 被动语态： have/has + been + 过去分词
  • 例：The letter has been written. The house has been cleaned.

主分支 2：用法 (Usage)

• 1. 过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果：
  • 重点：动作发生在过去，但它的影响或结果持续到现在。
  • 关键词：无明确的过去时间状语（但可能暗示过去时间）
  • 例：I have lost my keys. (我现在找不到钥匙了)
  • 例：She has broken her leg. (她现在腿是断的)
• 2. 过去发生并持续到现在的动作或状态：
  • 重点：动作或状态开始于过去，一直持续到现在，将来可能继续。
  • 关键词：for, since, how long
  • for + 一段时间：for two years, for a long time, for six months
  • since + 过去的时间点：since 2010, since Monday, since I was a child
  • 例：I have lived here for ten years. (我十年前开始住在这里，现在仍然住)
  • 例：She has known him since she was a child. (她从小就认识他，现在仍然认识)
• 3. 发生在过去，但不知道具体时间，或不必强调具体时间的动作：
  • 重点：强调的是“经历”或“经验”，而不是动作发生的具体时间。
  • 例：I have been to Paris. (我去过巴黎，强调的是“去过”的经历)
  • 例：He has seen that movie. (他看过那部电影，强调的是“看过”的经历)
  • 通常与 ever, never, before 连用：
    • Have you ever been to China? (你曾经去过中国吗？)
    • I have never seen such a beautiful sunset. (我从未见过如此美丽的日落。)
    • I have seen that movie before. (我以前看过那部电影。)
• 4. 刚刚完成的动作：
  • 重点：动作刚刚完成，通常与 just, already, yet 连用。
  • just：刚刚
  • already：已经
  • yet：还（用于疑问句和否定句）
  • 例：I have just finished my homework. (我刚刚完成作业。)
  • 例：She has already eaten lunch. (她已经吃过午饭了。)
  • 例：Have you finished your work yet? (你完成工作了吗？)
  • 例：I haven't finished my work yet. (我还没有完成工作。)
• 5. 在一段时间内完成的动作的次数或数量：
  • 重点：在一段时间内，某个动作重复发生的次数。
  • 关键词：times, several times
  • 例：I have seen that movie three times. (我看过那部电影三次。)
  • 例：He has called her several times today. (他今天给她打了好几次电话。)

主分支 3：与过去时对比 (Comparison with Past Simple)

• 现在完成时：
  • 强调动作对现在的影响或结果。
  • 通常没有明确的过去时间状语。
  • 与现在相关联。
• 过去时：
  • 强调动作发生在过去的时间。
  • 通常有明确的过去时间状语 (yesterday, last week, in 2020)。
  • 与现在没有直接关联，动作已结束。
• 重要区别：
  • 现在完成时 用于连接过去和现在，强调过去动作与现在的关联。
  • 过去时 用于描述过去发生的独立事件，与现在没有必然联系。
• 例：
  • 现在完成时：I have eaten breakfast. (我现在不饿)
  • 过去时：I ate breakfast at 8 am. (我早上八点吃了早餐)
  • 现在完成时：She has lived in London for five years. (她现在还住在伦敦)
  • 过去时：She lived in London for five years. (她现在已经不住在伦敦了)

主分支 4：常见错误 (Common Mistakes)

• 与过去时混淆： 错误地使用现在完成时表达明确的过去时间。
  • 错误：I have saw him yesterday.
  • 正确：I saw him yesterday.
• 忘记使用辅助动词 have/has：
  • 错误：I eaten breakfast.
  • 正确：I have eaten breakfast.
• 忘记或错误地使用过去分词：
  • 错误：I have eat breakfast.
  • 正确：I have eaten breakfast.
• 在使用 since 时，错误地接一段时间：
  • 错误：I have known him since two years.
  • 正确：I have known him for two years. 或 I have known him since 2021.
• 错误地将 yet 用于肯定句：
  • 错误：I have finished my work yet.
  • 正确：I have already finished my work. (肯定句) 或 Have you finished your work yet? (疑问句) 或 I haven't finished my work yet. (否定句)

主分支 5：练习 (Practice)

• 句子翻译：
  • 我学英语五年了。(现在还在学)
  • 他已经去过中国两次了。
  • 你完成家庭作业了吗？
  • 我们从未见过这么大的房子。
• 选择填空：
  • I __ (see) that movie before.
  • She __ (live) here since 2010.
  • They __ (just/finish) their work.
• 改错：
  • I have went to Paris last year.
  • She has know him for she was a child.
  • He just finished his work yet.

This mind map covers the formation, usage, comparison with past simple, common mistakes, and practice exercises related to the present perfect tense in English. It provides a comprehensive overview for learners to understand and master this important grammatical concept.