《英语时态思维导图》

中心主题：英语时态 (English Tenses)

分支1：现在 (Present)

• 主干：简单现在时 (Simple Present)

  • 用法：
    • 习惯性动作/规律 (Habits/Routines)
      • 示例：I drink coffee every morning. (我每天早上喝咖啡。)
    • 普遍真理/事实 (General Truths/Facts)
      • 示例：The sun rises in the east. (太阳从东方升起。)
    • 时间表/节目安排 (Schedules/Timetables)
      • 示例：The train leaves at 6 pm. (火车下午六点出发。)
    • 状态/特征 (States/Characteristics)
      • 示例：He is tall. (他很高。)
  • 关键词： always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, every day/week/month/year, on Mondays/Tuesdays…, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：I/You/We/They + V (原型) ; He/She/It + V-s/es
    • 否定句：I/You/We/They + don't + V (原型) ; He/She/It + doesn't + V (原型)
    • 疑问句：Do + I/You/We/They + V (原型) ? ; Does + He/She/It + V (原型) ?

• 主干：现在进行时 (Present Continuous)

  • 用法：
    • 现在正在发生的动作 (Actions happening now)
      • 示例：I am writing an email. (我正在写邮件。)
    • 一段时间内正在进行的动作 (Actions happening around now)
      • 示例：They are building a new house. (他们正在盖一栋新房子。)
    • 暂时性的动作 (Temporary actions)
      • 示例：I am living in London this year. (今年我住在伦敦。)
    • 计划好的将来动作 (Arranged future actions) (通常与时间状语连用)
      • 示例：I am meeting him tomorrow. (我明天要见他。)
    • 表达厌烦/抱怨 (Expressing annoyance/complaint) (通常与 always 连用)
      • 示例：He is always complaining. (他总是抱怨。)
  • 关键词： now, at the moment, at present, these days, this week, today, tonight, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + am/is/are + V-ing
    • 否定句：Subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing
    • 疑问句：Am/Is/Are + Subject + V-ing ?

• 主干：现在完成时 (Present Perfect)

  • 用法：
    • 过去发生的动作对现在的影响 (Action in the past with a result now)
      • 示例：I have lost my keys. (我把钥匙丢了。) (现在没钥匙)
    • 从过去某时开始持续到现在的动作/状态 (Action started in the past and continuing to the present)
      • 示例：I have lived here for five years. (我在这里住了五年了。) (现在还住在这里)
    • 过去发生的，时间不确定的动作 (Action happened at an unspecified time in the past)
      • 示例：I have been to Paris. (我去过巴黎。) (具体时间不重要)
    • 近来完成的动作 (Recently completed action)
      • 示例：I have just finished my work. (我刚刚完成工作。)
  • 关键词： just, already, yet, recently, lately, ever, never, before, since, for, so far, up to now, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + have/has + V-ed (过去分词)
    • 否定句：Subject + have/has + not + V-ed (过去分词)
    • 疑问句：Have/Has + Subject + V-ed (过去分词) ?

• 主干：现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous)

  • 用法：
    • 强调动作的持续性，并且与现在有关 (Emphasizes the duration of an action that started in the past and is continuing now)
      • 示例：I have been studying English for two hours. (我已经学了两个小时英语了。) (现在还在学)
    • 强调动作的后果 (Emphasizes the result of a recent activity)
      • 示例：I have been running, that's why I'm out of breath. (我一直在跑步，这就是我喘不过气的原因。)
  • 关键词： for, since, how long, all day, the whole day, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + have/has + been + V-ing
    • 否定句：Subject + have/has + not + been + V-ing
    • 疑问句：Have/Has + Subject + been + V-ing ?

分支2：过去 (Past)

• 主干：简单过去时 (Simple Past)

  • 用法：
    • 过去发生的动作/状态 (Completed actions/states in the past)
      • 示例：I went to the cinema yesterday. (我昨天去看电影了。)
    • 过去习惯性动作 (Past habits)
      • 示例：I played tennis every Sunday when I was young. (我年轻的时候每个星期天都打网球。)
    • 一系列连续发生的过去动作 (Series of completed actions in the past)
      • 示例：He woke up, got dressed, and left the house. (他醒了，穿好衣服，离开了家。)
  • 关键词： yesterday, last week/month/year, ago, in 2020, when, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + V-ed (规则动词) / V2 (不规则动词)
    • 否定句：Subject + did + not + V (原型)
    • 疑问句：Did + Subject + V (原型) ?

• 主干：过去进行时 (Past Continuous)

  • 用法：
    • 过去某个时间正在发生的动作 (Action in progress at a specific time in the past)
      • 示例：I was watching TV at 8 pm last night. (昨晚八点我正在看电视。)
    • 描述背景情况 (Describing background scenes)
      • 示例：The sun was shining and the birds were singing. (阳光明媚，鸟儿在歌唱。)
    • 与简单过去时连用，表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行 (Interrupted action)
      • 示例：I was watching TV when the phone rang. (当电话响的时候，我正在看电视。)
    • 表示不断重复，令人厌烦的动作 (Repeated actions expressing annoyance)
      • 示例：He was always complaining. (他总是抱怨。)
  • 关键词： while, as, when (表示正在进行), at that time, at 8 pm last night, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + was/were + V-ing
    • 否定句：Subject + was/were + not + V-ing
    • 疑问句：Was/Were + Subject + V-ing ?

• 主干：过去完成时 (Past Perfect)

  • 用法：
    • 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作/状态 (Action completed before a specific time in the past)
      • 示例：I had finished my work before he arrived. (在他到达之前我已经完成工作了。)
    • 表示过去未实现的愿望 (Unfulfilled wish in the past)
      • 示例：I had hoped to see her, but she didn't come. (我曾经希望见到她，但是她没来。)
  • 关键词： before, after, by the time, when (表示已经完成), as soon as, until, already, never, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + had + V-ed (过去分词)
    • 否定句：Subject + had + not + V-ed (过去分词)
    • 疑问句：Had + Subject + V-ed (过去分词) ?

• 主干：过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)

  • 用法：
    • 强调过去某个时间之前，持续进行的动作 (Emphasizes the duration of an action before a specific time in the past)
      • 示例：I had been waiting for two hours when he finally arrived. (当他最终到达的时候，我已经等了两个小时了。)
    • 说明过去某个动作的原因 (Explaining the reason for something in the past)
      • 示例：He was tired because he had been working all day. (他很累，因为他一整天都在工作。)
  • 关键词： for, since, how long, before, until, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + had + been + V-ing
    • 否定句：Subject + had + not + been + V-ing
    • 疑问句：Had + Subject + been + V-ing ?

分支3：将来 (Future)

• 主干：简单将来时 (Simple Future)

  • 用法：
    • 预测未来 (Predictions about the future)
      • 示例：It will rain tomorrow. (明天将会下雨。)
    • 自发/临时的决定 (Spontaneous decisions)
      • 示例：I will help you. (我会帮助你。)
    • 承诺/请求/威胁 (Promises/Requests/Threats)
      • 示例：I will call you later. (我稍后会给你打电话。)
  • 关键词： tomorrow, next week/month/year, in the future, soon, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + will + V (原型) / Subject + be going to + V (原型)
    • 否定句：Subject + will + not + V (原型) / Subject + be not going to + V (原型)
    • 疑问句：Will + Subject + V (原型) ? / Be + Subject + going to + V (原型) ?

• 主干：将来进行时 (Future Continuous)

  • 用法：
    • 将来某个时间正在进行的动作 (Action in progress at a specific time in the future)
      • 示例：I will be watching TV at 8 pm tomorrow. (明天晚上八点我正在看电视。)
    • 推测现在正在发生的动作 (Speculating about something happening now)
      • 示例：Don't call her now, she will be sleeping. (现在别给她打电话，她应该在睡觉。)
  • 关键词： at this time tomorrow, tomorrow night, in two hours, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + will + be + V-ing
    • 否定句：Subject + will + not + be + V-ing
    • 疑问句：Will + Subject + be + V-ing ?

• 主干：将来完成时 (Future Perfect)

  • 用法：
    • 将来某个时间之前完成的动作 (Action completed before a specific time in the future)
      • 示例：I will have finished my work by tomorrow evening. (到明天晚上我将会完成我的工作。)
  • 关键词： by the time, before, by then, by tomorrow, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + will + have + V-ed (过去分词)
    • 否定句：Subject + will + not + have + V-ed (过去分词)
    • 疑问句：Will + Subject + have + V-ed (过去分词) ?

• 主干：将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous)

  • 用法：
    • 强调将来某个时间之前，持续进行的动作 (Emphasizes the duration of an action before a specific time in the future)
      • 示例：By next year, I will have been studying English for ten years. (到明年，我将会学英语十年了。)
  • 关键词： for, since, by next year, by then, etc.
  • 结构：
    • 肯定句：Subject + will + have + been + V-ing
    • 否定句：Subject + will + not + have + been + V-ing
    • 疑问句：Will + Subject + have + been + V-ing ?

补充说明：

• 情态动词 (Modal Verbs)： can, could, may, might, must, should, would, 用于表达可能性，必要性，建议等，并与不同时态结合使用。
• 时间状语 (Adverbs of Time)： 帮助明确时态的使用。
• 语境 (Context)： 根据上下文判断时态，避免机械套用。
• 不规则动词 (Irregular Verbs)： 熟记不规则动词的过去式和过去分词。
• 练习 (Practice)： 多做练习，巩固对时态的理解和运用。