《英语一般过去时思维导图》

一、核心概念 (Core Concept)

1. 定义 (Definition)

一般过去时 (Simple Past Tense) 是英语的一种基本时态，主要用来表示在过去某个特定时间点发生并完成的动作或存在的状态。它强调动作或状态发生在过去，并且已经结束，与现在没有必然联系（区别于现在完成时）。

2. 基本功能 (Basic Function)

描述过去已经完成的事情。时间点可以是明确的（如 yesterday, last week, in 1999），也可以是根据上下文暗示的。

二、构成形式 (Formation)

1. 肯定句 (Affirmative Sentences)

结构：主语 + 动词的过去式 (+ 其他)

(1) 规则动词 (Regular Verbs)

在动词原形后加 -ed。具体变化规则：

• 一般情况: 直接加 -ed。
  • work -> worked
  • play -> played
  • watch -> watched
• 以不发音 e 结尾: 只加 -d。
  • live -> lived
  • like -> liked
  • decide -> decided
• 以 "辅音字母 + y" 结尾: 变 y 为 i 再加 -ed。
  • study -> studied
  • cry -> cried
  • try -> tried
  • (注意：以 "元音字母 + y" 结尾的动词，直接加 -ed，如 play -> played, stay -> stayed)
• 重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母: 双写该辅音字母再加 -ed。
  • stop -> stopped
  • plan -> planned
  • prefer -> preferred (注意重音位置)
  • (注意：以 x, w 结尾的动词通常不双写，如 fix -> fixed, show -> showed)

示例:

• She **visited** her grandparents last Sunday.
• They **studied** French in college.
• We **stopped** at a small cafe for lunch.

(2) 不规则动词 (Irregular Verbs)

没有固定的变化规则，需要逐个记忆其过去式形式。

• be -> was (单数) / were (复数及第二人称)
• go -> went
• come -> came
• eat -> ate
• drink -> drank
• see -> saw
• have -> had
• do -> did
• make -> made
• get -> got
• take -> took
• know -> knew
• think -> thought
• buy -> bought
• read -> read (发音变为 /red/)
• put -> put (不变)
• cut -> cut (不变)
• ... (还有很多，需要系统学习和记忆)

示例:

• I **was** busy yesterday.
• He **went** to the library this morning.
• They **had** a meeting two hours ago.
• She **bought** a new dress last week.

2. 否定句 (Negative Sentences)

结构：主语 + did not (didn't) + 动词原形 (+ 其他)

• 注意：助动词 did 承担了过去式的标记，后面的主动词必须使用原形。

示例:

• She **didn't visit** her grandparents last Sunday. (NOT didn't visited)
• They **didn't study** French in college.
• He **didn't go** to the library this morning. (NOT didn't went)
• We **didn't have** a meeting two hours ago.

be 动词的否定句: 结构：主语 + was not (wasn't) / were not (weren't) (+ 其他)

• be 动词的否定句不使用助动词 did。

示例:

• I **wasn't** busy yesterday.
• They **weren't** at home last night.

3. 疑问句 (Interrogative Sentences)

(1) 一般疑问句 (Yes/No Questions)

结构：Did + 主语 + 动词原形 (+ 其他)? 回答：Yes, 主语 + did. / No, 主语 + didn't.

示例:

• **Did** she **visit** her grandparents last Sunday? Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.
• **Did** they **study** French in college? Yes, they did. / No, they didn't.
• **Did** he **go** to the library this morning? Yes, he did. / No, he didn't.

be 动词的一般疑问句: 结构：Was / Were + 主语 (+ 其他)? 回答：Yes, 主语 + was/were. / No, 主语 + wasn't/weren't.

示例:

• **Was** he busy yesterday? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn't.
• **Were** they at home last night? Yes, they were. / No, they weren't.

(2) 特殊疑问句 (Wh- Questions)

结构：特殊疑问词 (Wh- word) + did + 主语 + 动词原形 (+ 其他)?

示例:

• **Where did** she **go** last Sunday? She went to her grandparents'.
• **What did** you **eat** for breakfast? I ate cereal.
• **When did** they **arrive**? They arrived an hour ago.
• **Why did** he **leave** early? Because he felt unwell.

be 动词的特殊疑问句: 结构：特殊疑问词 (Wh- word) + was / were + 主语 (+ 其他)? (当疑问词作主语时，结构为：疑问词 + was/were + 其他?)

示例:

• **Where were** you yesterday? I was at the park.
• **What was** the problem? The problem was the weather.
• **Who was** absent yesterday? John was absent. (Who 作主语)

三、主要用法 (Main Usages)

1. 表示过去某个特定时间发生的、已完成的动作或状态

这是最核心的用法，通常伴有明确的过去时间状语。

• I **met** him **yesterday**. (昨天遇见他)
• She **graduated** from university **in 2020**. (2020年大学毕业)
• Columbus **discovered** America **in 1492**. (哥伦布于1492年发现美洲)
• We **had** a great time **last night**. (昨晚玩得很开心)

2. 描述过去连续发生的动作

按照动作发生的先后顺序叙述一连串的事件，常用于讲故事或描述经历。

• He **opened** the door, **walked** into the room, and **turned** on the light. (他打开门，走进房间，然后打开了灯。)
• Yesterday, I **got up** early, **had** breakfast, **went** for a run, and then **started** working. (昨天我起得很早，吃了早餐，去跑了步，然后开始工作。)

3. 表示过去的习惯性动作或状态

描述过去经常发生或持续存在的情况，现在可能已经不再如此。常与 often, usually, always, sometimes, every day 等频率副词连用，或通过上下文体现。

• He **often played** football when he was a child. (他小时候经常踢足球。)
• She **always carried** an umbrella in her bag. (她过去总是在包里带把伞。)
• My grandfather **lived** in the countryside during his childhood. (我祖父童年时住在乡下。)
• (注意：描述过去的习惯也可以用 used to do 或 would do，但一般过去时更简洁直接。)

4. 叙述故事、传说或历史事件

在讲述过去的故事、历史背景或人物传记时广泛使用。

• Once upon a time, there **lived** a beautiful princess. (很久以前，有一位美丽的公主。)
• World War II **ended** in 1945. (第二次世界大战于1945年结束。)
• Shakespeare **wrote** many famous plays. (莎士比亚写了很多著名的戏剧。)

四、常用时间状语 (Common Time Expressions)

一般过去时常与表示特定过去时间的状语连用：

• yesterday (昨天)
• yesterday morning/afternoon/evening (昨天早上/下午/晚上)
• the day before yesterday (前天)
• last night/week/month/year/century (昨晚/上周/上个月/去年/上个世纪)
• ... ago (……以前)，如 two days ago, three years ago, a long time ago
• in + 过去的年份/月份/季节，如 in 1998, in July, in the summer of 2010
• on + 过去的具体日期/星期几，如 on May 1st, 2005, on Monday
• at + 过去的具体时刻，如 at 8 o'clock this morning, at that time
• just now (刚才) - 注意：just now 通常与一般过去时连用，而 just 单独使用时常与现在完成时连用。
• when... 引导的时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”。 When I was a child, I lived in Beijing.

五、注意事项与常见错误 (Points to Note & Common Mistakes)

1. 规则动词变形规则记忆

需熟练掌握 -ed 的添加规则，特别是拼写变化（y 变 i, 双写辅音字母等）。

2. 不规则动词记忆

不规则动词是学习的重点和难点，没有捷径，必须通过反复练习和使用来记忆。建议分类或按字母顺序记忆。

3. 否定句/疑问句中助动词 did 的使用

• 切记在构成否定句和疑问句（除 be 动词外）时使用助动词 did。
• did 出现后，后面的主动词必须使用 动词原形，不能再用过去式。
  • 错误：He didn't went home. 应改为：He didn't go home.
  • 错误：Did she finished her homework? 应改为：Did she finish her homework?

4. 与现在完成时的区别 (Distinction from Present Perfect)

• 一般过去时: 强调动作发生在 过去的特定时间点 并且 已经结束，与现在无直接联系。通常有明确的过去时间状语。
  • I **lost** my keys **yesterday**. (强调昨天丢了，事件已完结)
• 现在完成时: 强调 过去的动作对现在的影响或结果，或者动作 持续到现在，或者发生在 不确定的过去时间。不能与明确的过去时间状语（如 yesterday, last week, ... ago）连用。
  • I **have lost** my keys. (强调现在找不到钥匙这个结果)
  • She **has lived** here for ten years. (强调从过去到现在一直住在这里)

5. be 动词的过去式 was / were

• 形式：I/He/She/It + was； We/You/They + were。
• 否定：wasn't / weren't。
• 疑问：将 was / were 提到主语前。
• be 动词的过去式变化不遵循规则动词或不规则动词（除 be 本身外）的模式，并且其否定和疑问形式不借助 did。

六、思维导图总结 (Mind Map Summary)

本思维导图围绕英语一般过去时的核心概念、构成形式（肯定、否定、疑问句，规则与不规则动词）、主要用法（完成动作、序列动作、过去习惯、叙事）、常用时间状语以及常见错误和注意事项进行了梳理。掌握一般过去时是理解和运用英语叙述过去事件的基础。核心在于理解其表示“过去特定时间完成的动作或状态”的功能，并熟练掌握其动词变形规则（尤其是大量的不规则动词）以及否定句和疑问句中助动词 did 的正确使用。同时，注意区分其与现在完成时在意义和用法上的不同。