《英语过去式思维导图》

中心主题：英语过去式 (Past Tense)

一、简单过去式 (Simple Past)

• 定义： 描述过去发生的、已经完成的动作或状态。
• 构成：
  • 规则动词: 动词原形 + -ed
  • 不规则动词: 特殊变化形式 (需要记忆)
• 用法：
  • 描述过去发生的单一动作：I watched TV last night.
  • 描述过去发生的一系列动作（按时间顺序）：I woke up, had breakfast, and went to school.
  • 描述过去存在的习惯或状态：He lived in London for five years.
  • 描述过去发生的短暂动作：The phone rang suddenly.
• 时间状语：
  • yesterday
  • last week/month/year
  • ago (e.g., two days ago, a week ago)
  • in + 过去的年份 (e.g., in 2005)
  • when (引导过去发生的动作)
• 例句：
  • She visited her grandmother yesterday.
  • They played football in the park last Sunday.
  • We ate pizza for dinner.
• 规则动词词尾-ed的发音规则：
  • /t/：词尾在清辅音之后 (e.g., watched, stopped)
  • /d/：词尾在浊辅音或元音之后 (e.g., played, lived, cried)
  • /ɪd/：词尾在/t/或/d/之后 (e.g., wanted, needed)
• 常见不规则动词（举例）：
  • be (am/is/are) -> was/were
  • go -> went
  • see -> saw
  • eat -> ate
  • have -> had
  • do -> did
  • make -> made
  • get -> got
  • come -> came
  • take -> took
  • write -> wrote
  • give -> gave
  • find -> found
  • think -> thought

二、过去进行时 (Past Continuous)

• 定义： 描述过去某个时间点正在进行的动作。
• 构成： was/were + 动词的现在分词 (-ing形式)
• 用法：
  • 描述过去某个时间点正在进行的动作：I was watching TV at 8 pm last night.
  • 描述与另一过去动作同时发生的动作：While I was studying, my brother was playing video games.
  • 描述背景情况 (常与简单过去时连用)：The sun was shining and the birds were singing when I woke up.
  • 表示过去的打算或计划（未实现，常与 hope, intend, plan 等动词连用）：I was hoping to see you yesterday, but I was busy.
• 时间状语：
  • at + 过去时间点 (e.g., at 7 am yesterday)
  • while
  • when (引导简单过去时的动作)
  • all day/morning/afternoon/night yesterday
• 例句：
  • She was reading a book when I called.
  • They were playing basketball in the park at 3 pm yesterday.
  • He was listening to music while he was doing his homework.
• 不能用于进行时的动词 (状态动词)：
  • 表示状态：be, seem, look
  • 表示感觉：see, hear, smell, taste, feel
  • 表示心理活动：know, believe, understand, think (指观点), remember, forget, want, need, hope
  • 表示拥有：have, own, possess
• 特殊情况： think (指考虑), have (指经历/活动) 可以用于进行时。 I was thinking about it. We were having a great time.

三、过去完成时 (Past Perfect)

• 定义： 描述在过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或状态 (过去中的过去)。
• 构成： had + 动词的过去分词
• 用法：
  • 表示在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作：I had finished my homework before my friends arrived.
  • 表示过去发生的事情的结果：He had lost his keys, so he couldn't open the door.
  • 与 "by the time," "after," "before," "until" 等时间连词连用。
• 时间状语：
  • before
  • after
  • by the time
  • until
  • already
  • never
  • ever
• 例句：
  • She had eaten dinner before she went to the cinema.
  • By the time we arrived, the movie had already started.
  • He had never seen snow before he moved to Canada.
• 强调先发生的事情。

四、过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)

• 定义： 描述在过去某个时间之前持续进行的动作，强调动作的持续性和过程。
• 构成： had been + 动词的现在分词 (-ing形式)
• 用法：
  • 强调在过去某一时间之前持续进行的动作：I had been waiting for an hour before the bus finally arrived.
  • 强调持续动作的结果：He had been studying all night, so he was tired.
• 时间状语：
  • for + 一段时间 (e.g., for two hours)
  • since + 过去的时间点 (e.g., since 8 am)
  • before
• 例句：
  • They had been playing football for two hours before it started to rain.
  • She had been working at the company for five years when she got promoted.
• 与过去完成时的区别： 过去完成时强调动作的完成，过去完成进行时强调动作的持续性。

五、用法对比

• 简单过去时 vs. 过去进行时： 简单过去时描述已经完成的动作，过去进行时描述过去某个时间点正在进行的动作。
• 简单过去时 vs. 过去完成时： 简单过去时描述过去发生的动作，过去完成时描述在过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作。
• 过去完成时 vs. 过去完成进行时： 过去完成时强调动作的完成，过去完成进行时强调动作的持续性。

六、特殊情况及注意要点

• used to + 动词原形： 描述过去的习惯或状态，现在已经不再存在。 I used to play football every day.
• would + 动词原形： 也可以描述过去的习惯，但通常指重复发生的行为。 He would always be late for school.
• be going to + 动词原形 (过去式): was/were going to + 动词原形 表示过去计划要做但未做的事情。 I was going to call you, but I forgot.
• 在时间从句中，一般不用过去将来时，而用简单过去时或过去进行时代替。

七、练习与巩固

• 改写句子，使用不同的过去时形式。
• 完成填空练习，选择正确的过去时形式。
• 阅读短文，找出文中的过去时形式，并分析其用法。
• 写作练习，使用各种过去时形式描述过去发生的事件。