《晚清时期的内忧外患思维导图》

中心主题：晚清时期的内忧外患

I. 内忧 (Internal Troubles)

• A. 政治腐败 (Political Corruption)

  • 1. 官僚体系臃肿 (Bloated Bureaucracy):
       • 冗官充斥 (Overstaffing)
       • 效率低下 (Inefficiency)
  • 2. 卖官鬻爵 (Sale of Official Titles):
       • 破坏选官制度 (Undermining Meritocracy)
       • 加剧社会不公 (Increasing Social Injustice)
  • 3. 贪污腐败盛行 (Rampant Corruption):
       • 侵吞国库 (Embezzlement of Public Funds)
       • 加重百姓负担 (Increasing Burden on the People)
  • 4. 权力斗争 (Power Struggles):
       • 派系林立 (Factionalism)
       • 慈禧太后专权 (Empress Dowager Cixi's Autocratic Rule)
       • 改革受阻 (Impeding Reform Efforts)

• B. 经济危机 (Economic Crisis)

  • 1. 土地兼并严重 (Land Concentration):
       • 自耕农破产 (Impoverishment of Peasant Farmers)
       • 社会矛盾激化 (Exacerbating Social Conflicts)
  • 2. 财政亏空 (Financial Deficit):
       • 赔款负担沉重 (Heavy Indemnity Payments)
       • 军费开支庞大 (High Military Expenditures)
       • 盐税等传统税收衰减 (Decline in Traditional Tax Revenues)
  • 3. 自然灾害频发 (Frequent Natural Disasters):
       • 旱涝灾害 (Droughts and Floods)
       • 农业减产 (Reduced Agricultural Output)
       • 饥荒 (Famine)
  • 4. 白银外流 (Silver Outflow):
       • 鸦片贸易 (Opium Trade)
       • 贸易逆差 (Trade Deficit)
       • 货币贬值 (Currency Depreciation)

• C. 社会矛盾 (Social Conflicts)

  • 1. 阶级矛盾 (Class Conflicts):
       • 地主与农民矛盾 (Landlord-Peasant Conflict)
       • 官僚与百姓矛盾 (Bureaucrat-Commoner Conflict)
  • 2. 民族矛盾 (Ethnic Conflicts):
       • 汉族与满族矛盾 (Han-Manchu Conflict)
       • 各地少数民族起义 (Uprisings by Ethnic Minorities)
  • 3. 宗教矛盾 (Religious Conflicts):
       • 民间宗教势力发展 (Growth of Folk Religious Groups)
       • 反洋教运动 (Anti-Foreign Missionary Movements)
  • 4. 人口压力 (Population Pressure):
       • 人口增长过快 (Rapid Population Growth)
       • 资源匮乏 (Resource Scarcity)
       • 就业困难 (Unemployment)

• D. 农民起义 (Peasant Uprisings)

  • 1. 太平天国运动 (Taiping Rebellion):
       • 洪秀全 (Hong Xiuquan)
       • 金田起义 (Jintian Uprising)
       • 天京 (Nanjing as Capital)
       • 失败原因 (Reasons for Failure: 内部分裂，中外势力联合镇压)
  • 2. 捻军起义 (Nian Rebellion):
       • 起义形式特点 (Characteristics of the Rebellion: 流动性，分散性)
       • 受太平天国影响 (Influence of the Taiping Rebellion)
       • 镇压方式 (Suppression Methods)
  • 3. 其他小规模起义 (Other Small-Scale Uprisings):
       • 数量众多 (Numerous)
       • 分布广泛 (Widely Distributed)
       • 反映社会矛盾 (Reflecting Social Conflicts)

II. 外患 (External Threats)

• A. 列强侵略 (Aggression by Foreign Powers)

  • 1. 两次鸦片战争 (Opium Wars):
       • 《南京条约》 (Treaty of Nanjing)
       • 《天津条约》 (Treaty of Tianjin)
       • 《北京条约》 (Treaty of Beijing)
       • 割地赔款 (Cessions of Territory and Indemnity Payments)
       • 通商口岸开放 (Opening of Treaty Ports)
  • 2. 甲午中日战争 (Sino-Japanese War):
       • 《马关条约》 (Treaty of Shimonoseki)
       • 割让台湾 (Cession of Taiwan)
       • 辽东半岛割让与赎回 (Cession and Repurchase of Liaodong Peninsula)
       • 中国国际地位下降 (Decline in China's International Status)
  • 3. 八国联军侵华 (Eight-Nation Alliance):
       • 义和团运动 (Boxer Rebellion)
       • 《辛丑条约》 (Boxer Protocol)
       • 巨额赔款 (Huge Indemnity)
       • 外国军队驻扎 (Stationing of Foreign Troops)
  • 4. 其他列强蚕食 (Other Powers' Encroachment):
       • 瓜分狂潮 (Scramble for Concessions)
       • 势力范围划分 (Spheres of Influence)
       • 经济掠夺 (Economic Exploitation)

• B. 不平等条约体系 (Unequal Treaty System)

  • 1. 领事裁判权 (Extraterritoriality):
       • 外国人在华不受中国法律管辖 (Foreigners Not Subject to Chinese Law)
       • 损害中国司法主权 (Undermining Chinese Judicial Sovereignty)
  • 2. 片面最惠国待遇 (Unilateral Most-Favored-Nation Status):
       • 任何国家获得的特权，其他列强均可享有 (Privileges Granted to One Power Extended to Others)
       • 限制中国自主外交 (Restricting China's Independent Diplomacy)
  • 3. 关税自主权丧失 (Loss of Tariff Autonomy):
       • 无法保护民族工业 (Inability to Protect Domestic Industries)
       • 经济命脉受制于人 (Economic Lifeline Controlled by Foreigners)
  • 4. 内河航运权 (Right to Navigate Inland Waterways):
       • 外国商船可自由航行 (Foreign Merchant Ships Free to Navigate)
       • 挤压中国航运业 (Crowding out Chinese Shipping Industry)

• C. 西方思想冲击 (Impact of Western Thought)

  • 1. 传统儒家思想衰落 (Decline of Traditional Confucianism):
       • 社会价值观改变 (Changing Social Values)
       • 对科举制度的质疑 (Questioning the Civil Service Examination System)
  • 2. 西学东渐 (Western Learning Spreads Eastward):
       • 翻译西方书籍 (Translation of Western Books)
       • 新式学堂建立 (Establishment of New Schools)
       • 维新思想传播 (Spread of Reformist Ideas)
  • 3. 民族主义兴起 (Rise of Nationalism):
       • 救亡图存意识觉醒 (Awakening of Awareness of National Salvation)
       • 反帝反封建思想萌芽 (Emergence of Anti-Imperialist and Anti-Feudal Ideas)
  • 4. 革命思潮涌动 (Surge of Revolutionary Ideas):
       • 孙中山的革命理论 (Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Theory)
       • 推翻清朝统治 (Overthrow of the Qing Dynasty)

III. 影响 (Consequences)

• A. 社会动荡加剧 (Increased Social Unrest)
• B. 国家主权丧失 (Loss of National Sovereignty)
• C. 民族危机深重 (Deepening National Crisis)
• D. 变革思潮涌动 (Surge of Reformist and Revolutionary Ideas)
• E. 清朝统治走向崩溃 (Qing Dynasty Heading Towards Collapse)