语法句法思维导图

语法句法思维导图

I. 词法 (Morphology)

• A. 词类 (Parts of Speech)

  • 1. 名词 (Noun)
       • a. 专有名词 (Proper Noun)
       • i. 人名
       • ii. 地名
       • iii. 组织机构名
       • b. 普通名词 (Common Noun)
       • i. 可数名词 (Countable Noun)
         • A. 单数形式 (Singular Form)
         • B. 复数形式 (Plural Form) - 规则变化, 不规则变化
       • ii. 不可数名词 (Uncountable Noun)
         • A. 物质名词
         • B. 抽象名词
       • c. 集合名词 (Collective Noun)
       • d. 复合名词 (Compound Noun)
  • 2. 代词 (Pronoun)
       • a. 人称代词 (Personal Pronoun) - 主格, 宾格, 所有格 (形容词性, 名词性)
       • b. 物主代词 (Possessive Pronoun)
       • c. 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronoun) - this, that, these, those
       • d. 疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronoun) - who, whom, whose, which, what
       • e. 关系代词 (Relative Pronoun) - who, whom, whose, which, that
       • f. 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronoun) - some, any, no, every, one, all, few, many, much, little, several
       • g. 反身代词 (Reflexive Pronoun) - myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
       • h. 相互代词 (Reciprocal Pronoun) - each other, one another
  • 3. 动词 (Verb)
       • a. 实义动词 (Lexical Verb)
       • i. 及物动词 (Transitive Verb) - 需要宾语
       • ii. 不及物动词 (Intransitive Verb) - 不需要宾语
       • iii.系动词 (Linking Verb) - be, seem, become, look, feel, taste, smell, sound
       • b. 助动词 (Auxiliary Verb) - be, do, have, will, shall, can, may, must
       • c. 情态动词 (Modal Verb) - can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would, shall, ought to
  • 4. 形容词 (Adjective)
       • a. 描述性形容词 (Descriptive Adjective) - 描述性质
       • b. 指示形容词 (Demonstrative Adjective) - this, that, these, those
       • c. 数量形容词 (Quantitative Adjective) - many, few, some, any
       • d. 所有格形容词 (Possessive Adjective) - my, your, his, her, its, our, their
       • e. 疑问形容词 (Interrogative Adjective) - which, what, whose
       • f. 专有形容词 (Proper Adjective) - Chinese, American
       • g. 比较级和最高级 (Comparative & Superlative) - 规则变化, 不规则变化
  • 5. 副词 (Adverb)
       • a. 方式副词 (Adverb of Manner) - quickly, slowly, carefully
       • b. 时间副词 (Adverb of Time) - now, then, yesterday, tomorrow
       • c. 地点副词 (Adverb of Place) - here, there, everywhere
       • d. 频率副词 (Adverb of Frequency) - always, often, sometimes, never
       • e. 程度副词 (Adverb of Degree) - very, quite, extremely, rather
       • f. 疑问副词 (Interrogative Adverb) - when, where, why, how
       • g. 连接副词 (Conjunctive Adverb) - however, therefore, moreover
  • 6. 介词 (Preposition) - in, on, at, to, from, with, by, for, of, about, during
       • a. 简单介词 (Simple Preposition)
       • b. 复合介词 (Compound Preposition)
       • c. 短语介词 (Phrasal Preposition)
  • 7. 连词 (Conjunction)
       • a. 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunction) - and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
       • b. 从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunction) - if, because, although, when, while, after, before, that
       • c. 关联连词 (Correlative Conjunction) - both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also
  • 8. 感叹词 (Interjection) - Oh! Wow! Alas!

• B. 构词法 (Word Formation)

  • 1. 派生法 (Derivation) - 前缀 (Prefixes), 后缀 (Suffixes)
  • 2. 合成法 (Compounding)
  • 3. 转化法 (Conversion)
  • 4. 缩略法 (Abbreviation) - 首字母缩略词 (Acronyms), 截短词 (Clipping)
  • 5. 混合法 (Blending)

II. 句法 (Syntax)

• A. 短语 (Phrase)

  • 1. 名词短语 (Noun Phrase) - Head noun + modifiers
  • 2. 动词短语 (Verb Phrase) - Main verb + auxiliaries + complements + modifiers
  • 3. 形容词短语 (Adjective Phrase) - Head adjective + modifiers
  • 4. 副词短语 (Adverb Phrase) - Head adverb + modifiers
  • 5. 介词短语 (Prepositional Phrase) - Preposition + noun phrase
  • 6. 不定式短语 (Infinitive Phrase) - To + verb + complements + modifiers
  • 7. 动名词短语 (Gerund Phrase) - Gerund + complements + modifiers
  • 8. 分词短语 (Participle Phrase) - Present participle / Past participle + complements + modifiers
       • a. 现在分词短语
       • b. 过去分词短语

• B. 句子成分 (Sentence Elements)

  • 1. 主语 (Subject)
  • 2. 谓语 (Predicate)
  • 3. 宾语 (Object) - 直接宾语, 间接宾语
  • 4. 表语 (Complement) - 主语补语, 宾语补语
  • 5. 定语 (Attribute)
  • 6. 状语 (Adverbial)

• C. 句子类型 (Sentence Types)

  • 1. 简单句 (Simple Sentence) - One independent clause
  • 2. 并列句 (Compound Sentence) - Two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions or punctuation
  • 3. 复合句 (Complex Sentence) - One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
       • a. 名词性从句 (Noun Clause) - that-clause, wh-clause, whether/if-clause
       • b. 形容词性从句 (Adjective Clause/Relative Clause) - who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why
       • c. 副词性从句 (Adverbial Clause) - time, place, reason, condition, concession, manner, purpose, result
  • 4. 复合并列句 (Compound-Complex Sentence) - Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

• D. 句子结构 (Sentence Structure)

  • 1. 主谓 (Subject-Verb)
  • 2. 主谓宾 (Subject-Verb-Object)
  • 3. 主谓双宾 (Subject-Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object)
  • 4. 主谓宾宾补 (Subject-Verb-Object-Object Complement)
  • 5. 主系表 (Subject-Linking Verb-Subject Complement)

• E. 句子功能 (Sentence Function)

  • 1. 陈述句 (Declarative Sentence)
  • 2. 疑问句 (Interrogative Sentence)
       • a. 一般疑问句
       • b. 特殊疑问句
       • c. 选择疑问句
       • d. 反义疑问句
  • 3. 祈使句 (Imperative Sentence)
  • 4. 感叹句 (Exclamatory Sentence)

• F. 语态 (Voice)

  • 1. 主动语态 (Active Voice)
  • 2. 被动语态 (Passive Voice)

• G. 语气 (Mood)

  • 1. 陈述语气 (Indicative Mood)
  • 2. 祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)
  • 3. 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)

• H. 一致 (Agreement)

  • 1. 主谓一致 (Subject-Verb Agreement)
  • 2. 代词一致 (Pronoun Agreement)

• I. 平行结构 (Parallelism)

  • 词性平行
  • 短语平行
  • 句子平行

• J. 倒装 (Inversion)

  • 全部倒装
  • 部分倒装