《英语句法思维导图》
一、句子成分 (Sentence Elements)
1. 主语 (Subject)
- 定义:句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。
- 构成:名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、短语、句子。
- 位置:一般位于句首。
- 例句:
- The cat is sleeping. (名词)
- He is a student. (代词)
- Three is my lucky number. (数词)
- Swimming is good for health. (动名词)
- To learn English well is important. (不定式短语)
- What he said is not true. (句子)
2. 谓语 (Predicate)
- 定义:说明主语做什么,是什么或怎么样。
- 构成:动词(分为及物动词和不及物动词)。
- 位置:一般位于主语之后。
- 类型:
- 简单谓语:由一个动词构成。
- 例句:He runs fast.
- 复合谓语:由助动词/情态动词 + 主要动词构成。
- 例句:He can speak English.
- 例句:He is reading a book.
- 系表结构:由系动词 + 表语构成。
- 例句:He is a teacher.
- 简单谓语:由一个动词构成。
3. 表语 (Complement)
- 定义:说明主语的身份、特征、状态等。
- 构成:名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、句子。
- 位置:位于系动词之后。
- 例句:
- He is a doctor. (名词)
- The book is mine. (代词)
- She is beautiful. (形容词)
- Two and two is four. (数词)
- The class is over. (副词)
- He is at home. (介词短语)
- His hobby is playing basketball. (动名词)
- His dream is to become a pilot. (不定式)
- The truth is that he lied. (句子)
4. 宾语 (Object)
- 定义:表示及物动词作用的对象。
- 构成:名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、短语、句子。
- 位置:位于及物动词或介词之后。
- 类型:
- 直接宾语:及物动词直接作用的对象。
- 例句:I read a book.
- 间接宾语:表示动作是对谁做的,位于直接宾语之前。
- 例句:I gave him a book. (him 是间接宾语,a book 是直接宾语)
- 介词宾语:介词后面的宾语。
- 例句:He is talking about you.
- 直接宾语:及物动词直接作用的对象。
5. 定语 (Attribute)
- 定义:修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或句子。
- 构成:形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、分词、从句。
- 位置:通常位于被修饰词之前,但后置定语除外。
- 类型:
- 前置定语:
- 例句:A beautiful girl. (形容词)
- 例句:The classroom door. (名词)
- 后置定语:
- 例句:The girl in the red dress is my sister. (介词短语)
- 例句:The book written by him is interesting. (分词短语)
- 例句:The reason why he was late is unknown. (定语从句)
- 前置定语:
6. 状语 (Adverbial)
- 定义:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的词、短语或句子,表示时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、程度等。
- 构成:副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句。
- 位置:较灵活,可位于句首、句中或句末。
- 类型:
- 时间状语:
- 例句:He went home yesterday. (副词)
- 例句:He went home after the meeting. (介词短语)
- 例句:He went home when it rained. (时间状语从句)
- 地点状语:
- 例句:He works here. (副词)
- 例句:He works in Beijing. (介词短语)
- 原因状语:
- 例句:Because it rained, he stayed home. (原因状语从句)
- 目的状语:
- 例句:He studies hard to get good grades. (不定式)
- 例句:He studies hard so that he can get good grades. (目的状语从句)
- 方式状语:
- 例句:He sings beautifully. (副词)
- 例句:He solved the problem by using a new method. (介词短语)
- 程度状语:
- 例句:He is very tired. (副词)
- 时间状语:
7. 同位语 (Appositive)
- 定义:对名词或代词进行解释说明,与其所解释的词具有相同的语法功能。
- 构成:名词、短语、句子。
- 位置:通常位于被解释词之后。
- 例句:
- Beijing, the capital of China, is a beautiful city. (名词短语)
- My brother, a doctor, is very kind. (名词)
- The fact that he is late surprised us. (句子)
二、句子类型 (Sentence Types)
1. 简单句 (Simple Sentence)
- 定义:只有一个主语和一个谓语的句子。
- 例句:He is a student.
2. 并列句 (Compound Sentence)
- 定义:由两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连接而成的句子。
- 并列连词:and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet.
- 例句:He is a student, and she is a teacher.
3. 复合句 (Complex Sentence)
- 定义:由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。
- 从句类型:
- 名词性从句 (Noun Clause):在句子中起名词作用。包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
- 定语从句 (Attributive Clause):修饰名词或代词的从句。
- 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause):修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的从句。
- 从句类型:
三、特殊句型 (Special Sentence Structures)
1. 强调句 (Emphasis Sentence)
- 结构:It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子剩余部分。
- 例句:It was yesterday that I met him.
2. 倒装句 (Inverted Sentence)
- 定义:为了强调或语法需要,将句子成分的顺序颠倒的句子。
- 类型:
- 全部倒装:谓语动词完全移到主语前面。
- 例句:Here comes the bus.
- 部分倒装:将助动词或情态动词移到主语前面。
- 例句:Never have I seen such a beautiful view.
- 全部倒装:谓语动词完全移到主语前面。
- 类型:
3. There be 句型 (There be Construction)
- 结构:There be + 名词。
- 例句:There is a book on the table.
4. 祈使句 (Imperative Sentence)
- 定义:表示请求、命令、建议等的句子。
- 结构:动词原形 + 其他成分。
- 例句:Open the door.
四、从句 (Clauses)
1. 名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)
- 主语从句 (Subject Clause):
- 连接词:that, whether, if, who, what, which, when, where, how, why。
- 例句:What he said is not true.
- 宾语从句 (Object Clause):
- 连接词:that, whether, if, who, what, which, when, where, how, why。
- 例句:I know that he is coming.
- 表语从句 (Predicate Clause):
- 连接词:that, whether, if, who, what, which, when, where, how, why。
- 例句:The problem is that he doesn't have enough money.
- 同位语从句 (Appositive Clause):
- 连接词:that, whether, if, who, what, which, when, where, how, why。
- 例句:The fact that he lied surprised us.
2. 定语从句 (Attributive Clauses)
- 关系词:who, whom, which, that, whose, when, where, why。
- 类型:
- 限制性定语从句:对先行词起限制作用,不能省略。
- 例句:The man who is wearing a hat is my teacher.
- 非限制性定语从句:对先行词起补充说明作用,用逗号隔开,可以省略。
- 例句:Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city.
- 限制性定语从句:对先行词起限制作用,不能省略。
- 类型:
3. 状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses)
- 类型:时间状语从句,地点状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句,让步状语从句,目的状语从句,结果状语从句,方式状语从句,比较状语从句。
- 常用连接词:because, if, when, although, though, as, so that, in order that, while, unless, since, before, after, until, where, as if, than, etc.
- 例句:Because it rained, he stayed home.
- 例句:He will go if it doesn't rain.
- 例句:I will wait until you come back.
这些是英语句法的主要内容,理解并掌握这些概念,能够帮助更好地分析和理解英语句子,提升英语阅读和写作能力。