《英语句子思维导图》
I. 句子核心构成 (Sentence Core Components)
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A. 主语 (Subject)
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- 定义:句子描述的对象,执行动作或被描述的状态。
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- 成分:
- a. 名词 (Noun): book, cat, student
- b. 代词 (Pronoun): I, you, he, she, it, they, we
- c. 名词短语 (Noun Phrase): the big red car, a group of friends
- d. 动名词 (Gerund): Swimming is fun.
- e. 不定式 (Infinitive): To learn is important.
- f. 从句 (Clause): That he is honest is clear.
- 成分:
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- 位置:通常位于句首,但在疑问句或倒装句中位置会变化。
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B. 谓语 (Predicate)
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- 定义:说明主语做了什么或是什么。包含动词及其宾语、补语等成分。
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- 成分:
- a. 动词 (Verb):
- i. 实义动词 (Lexical Verb): run, eat, write
- ii. 系动词 (Linking Verb): be, seem, become, look
- iii. 助动词 (Auxiliary Verb): be, have, do, will, shall, can, may, must
- b. 宾语 (Object) (可选):
- i. 直接宾语 (Direct Object):接收动词动作的对象。
- ii. 间接宾语 (Indirect Object):动作指向的对象。
- c. 补语 (Complement) (可选):
- i. 主语补语 (Subject Complement):描述主语,跟在系动词后。
- ii. 宾语补语 (Object Complement):描述宾语,跟在宾语后。
- d. 状语 (Adverbial) (可选):
- i. 时间状语:when, today, yesterday
- ii. 地点状语:where, here, there
- iii. 方式状语:how, quickly, carefully
- iv. 原因状语:why, because, since
- v. 目的状语:for, to, in order to
- vi. 条件状语:if, unless
- e. 动词时态 (Verb Tense):
- i. 一般现在时 (Simple Present): I work.
- ii. 一般过去时 (Simple Past): I worked.
- iii. 一般将来时 (Simple Future): I will work.
- iv. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous): I am working.
- v. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous): I was working.
- vi. 将来进行时 (Future Continuous): I will be working.
- vii. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect): I have worked.
- viii. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect): I had worked.
- ix. 将来完成时 (Future Perfect): I will have worked.
- x. 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous): I have been working.
- xi. 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous): I had been working.
- 成分:
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C. 基本句型 (Basic Sentence Patterns)
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- 主语 + 谓语 (S+V): Birds fly.
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- 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 (S+V+O): I read books.
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- 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (S+V+IO+DO): He gave me a book.
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- 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补语 (S+V+O+OC): They made him captain.
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- 主语 + 系动词 + 主语补语 (S+V+SC): She is a teacher.
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II. 句子扩展成分 (Sentence Expansion Components)
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A. 定语 (Attributive)
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- 定义:修饰名词或代词。
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- 成分:
- a. 形容词 (Adjective): beautiful, tall, interesting
- b. 形容词短语 (Adjective Phrase): very beautiful, extremely tall
- c. 分词 (Participle): running water, broken vase
- d. 不定式 (Infinitive): the book to read
- e. 介词短语 (Prepositional Phrase): the book on the table
- f. 定语从句 (Attributive Clause): the man who is standing there
- 成分:
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- 位置:通常位于被修饰词之前,但介词短语和定语从句位于被修饰词之后。
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B. 状语 (Adverbial)
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- 定义:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
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- 成分:
- a. 副词 (Adverb): quickly, carefully, often
- b. 副词短语 (Adverbial Phrase): very quickly, more carefully
- c. 介词短语 (Prepositional Phrase): in the morning, at home
- d. 不定式 (Infinitive): to learn, to succeed
- e. 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause): because it rained, when I arrived
- 成分:
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- 类型:
- a. 时间状语: when, today, yesterday, before, after
- b. 地点状语: where, here, there, at home, in the park
- c. 方式状语: how, quickly, carefully, in a hurry
- d. 原因状语: why, because, since, as
- e. 目的状语: for, to, in order to, so that
- f. 条件状语: if, unless, as long as
- g. 让步状语: although, though, even though, while
- h. 结果状语: so…that, such…that
- i. 程度状语: very, too, so, quite, extremely
- 类型:
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C. 同位语 (Appositive)
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- 定义:对名词或代词进行解释说明。
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- 成分:名词、名词短语或从句。
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- 位置:通常位于被解释说明的名词或代词之后。
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- 例子:My brother, a doctor, lives in London.
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III. 句子类型 (Sentence Types)
- A. 陈述句 (Declarative Sentence):陈述事实或观点。
- B. 疑问句 (Interrogative Sentence):提出问题。
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- 一般疑问句 (General Question): Can you speak English?
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- 特殊疑问句 (Wh-Question): Where do you live?
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- 选择疑问句 (Alternative Question): Do you want coffee or tea?
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- 反意疑问句 (Tag Question): You are a student, aren't you?
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- C. 祈使句 (Imperative Sentence):发出命令或请求。
- D. 感叹句 (Exclamatory Sentence):表达强烈的情感。
IV. 从句 (Clauses)
- A. 名词性从句 (Noun Clause):在句子中起名词作用。
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- 主语从句 (Subject Clause): What he said is true.
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- 宾语从句 (Object Clause): I know that he is honest.
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- 表语从句 (Predicate Nominative Clause): The problem is that he is late.
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- 同位语从句 (Appositive Clause): The news that he is coming is exciting.
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- B. 形容词性从句 (Adjective Clause) / 定语从句 (Relative Clause):修饰名词或代词。
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- 关系代词 (Relative Pronoun): who, whom, which, that, whose
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- 关系副词 (Relative Adverb): where, when, why
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- C. 副词性从句 (Adverbial Clause) / 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause):修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子(见II.B.3)。
V. 句子结构 (Sentence Structures)
- A. 简单句 (Simple Sentence):只有一个主谓结构。
- B. 并列句 (Compound Sentence):由两个或多个简单句用并列连词连接而成(and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet)。
- C. 复合句 (Complex Sentence):由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。
- D. 并列复合句 (Compound-Complex Sentence):由两个或多个主句和一个或多个从句构成。
通过对以上各个部分的理解和掌握,可以构建清晰的英语句子思维导图,有助于理解和分析英语句子的结构,提高英语阅读、写作和口语表达能力。