定语从句的思维导图

《定语从句的思维导图》

一、定语从句概述

1.1 定义

  • 功能: 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句。
  • 位置: 通常位于被修饰词之后。
  • 引导词: 关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that)或关系副词(when, where, why)。

1.2 构成要素

  • 先行词: 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
  • 关系词: 连接先行词和定语从句,并在从句中充当成分。
  • 从句部分: 含有谓语动词的完整句子结构,对先行词进行限定或描述。

1.3 类型划分

  • 限定性定语从句 (Restrictive/Defining Relative Clause):
    • 作用:对先行词起限定作用,去掉后句子意思不完整或不准确。
    • 引导词:that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why (that 可以引导所有限定性定语从句,但不能引导非限定性定语从句)
    • 特点:一般不用逗号隔开。
  • 非限定性定语从句 (Non-restrictive/Non-defining Relative Clause):
    • 作用:对先行词起补充说明作用,去掉后句子意思仍然完整。
    • 引导词:which, who, whom, whose, when, where, as
    • 特点:用逗号与主句隔开。
    • 注意:that 不能引导非限定性定语从句。

二、关系词的选择

2.1 关系代词

  • who:
    • 指代人,在从句中作主语。
    • 示例:The girl who is singing is my sister.
  • whom:
    • 指代人,在从句中作宾语或介词宾语。
    • 示例:The man whom I saw yesterday is a doctor.
    • 示例:The student to whom I gave the book is grateful.
  • whose:
    • 指代人或物,表示所有格。
    • 示例:The writer whose books are popular is coming to our school.
  • which:
    • 指代事物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
    • 示例:The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
  • that:
    • 指代人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
    • 特点:在限定性定语从句中,that 可以代替 who, whom, which,但不能代替 whose,在非限定性定语从句中不能使用。
    • 示例:The car that he bought is very expensive.

2.2 关系副词

  • when:
    • 指代时间,在从句中作时间状语。
    • 相当于 "at/in/on which + 时间名词"
    • 示例:I'll never forget the day when I first met you.
  • where:
    • 指代地点,在从句中作地点状语。
    • 相当于 "at/in/on which + 地点名词"
    • 示例:This is the park where we used to play.
  • why:
    • 指代原因,在从句中作原因状语。
    • 相当于 "for which"
    • 示例:I don't know the reason why he left.

2.3 as

  • 可以引导非限定性定语从句,表示"正如...一样"。
  • 位置灵活,可以放在主句之前、之中或之后。
  • 示例:As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.

三、关系词的省略

  • 在限定性定语从句中,如果关系代词在从句中作宾语,可以省略。
    • 示例:The book (that/which) I read yesterday was very interesting.
  • "there be" 句型中,关系代词作主语时,可以省略。
    • 示例:There is a man (who) wants to see you.

四、介词 + 关系词

  • 当关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时,介词可以放在关系代词前,也可以放在从句末尾。
  • 如果介词放在关系代词前,关系代词只能用 whom 或 which,不能用 that。
    • 示例:The chair on which I was sitting broke down. (正式用法)
    • 示例:The chair which I was sitting on broke down. (口语用法)

五、特殊类型的定语从句

5.1 "the same...as" 和 "the same...that"

  • the same...as: 表示 "与...相同",as 引导的定语从句中通常不缺成分。
    • 示例:This is the same book as I bought yesterday.
  • the same...that: 表示 "就是...那个",that 引导的定语从句中通常缺成分。
    • 示例:This is the same book that I lost yesterday.

5.2 "such...as" 和 "such...that"

  • such...as: 表示 "像...一样的", as 引导的定语从句。
    • 示例: He is such a diligent student as is rarely seen.
  • such...that: 表示 "如此...以至于", that引导结果状语从句。
    • 示例:It was such a difficult problem that nobody could solve it.

5.3 "all/everything/nothing/little/much/few + that"

  • 当先行词是 all, everything, nothing, little, much, few 等不定代词时,通常用 that 引导定语从句。
    • 示例:All that he said was true.

六、定语从句的翻译技巧

  • 前置法: 将定语从句翻译成...的 + 先行词
  • 后置法: 将定语从句翻译成独立的句子,放在先行词后面。

七、定语从句的练习与巩固

  • 多做练习,加深理解。
  • 分析句子结构,找出先行词和关系词。
  • 注意关系词的选择和省略。
  • 灵活运用定语从句,提高写作能力。
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