宾语从句思维导图
《宾语从句思维导图》
一、定义与概述
- 定义: 在复合句中充当宾语成分的从句。
- 功能: 作为及物动词、介词或形容词的宾语。
- 位置: 主要位于及物动词、介词或某些形容词之后。
- 连接词: 连接主句和从句的词语，根据从句类型选择。
二、宾语从句的类型
2.1 that 引导的宾语从句
- 特点:
that 在句中无实际意义，仅起连接作用。
- 用法: 常用于陈述事实或表达观点。
- 省略: 在口语或非正式写作中，
that 可以省略，但书面语通常保留。
- 例句:
- I know that he is a doctor.
- She believes that the earth is round.
- They said that they would come.
- 注意: 当
that 在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语时，不可省略。
- The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting. (定语从句，
that 作宾语)
2.2 if/whether 引导的宾语从句
- 特点: 引导一般疑问句转化成的宾语从句，表示“是否”。
- 区别:
if 通常用于引导肯定情况下的“是否”。whether 用于引导不确定的“是否”，可与 or not 连用，且可以在介词后使用。
- 用法:
if 不可用于介词之后，也不可与 or not 连用直接置于谓语之后。whether 可以置于句首作主语。
- 例句:
- I don't know if he will come.
- I asked her whether she was free.
- I wonder whether or not they will accept the offer.
- The question is whether we should start now. (作主语)
- I am worried about whether I can pass the exam. (介词后)
2.3 疑问词引导的宾语从句
- 疑问词:
who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how。
- 特点: 将特殊疑问句转化为宾语从句。
- 语序: 使用陈述句语序，即主语+谓语+其他成分。
- 用法:
who/whom：指人，who 可作主语或表语，whom 作宾语（较正式）。whose：指所属关系，作定语。what：指物，可作主语、宾语或表语。which：指物或人，从一定范围内选择。when：指时间。where：指地点。why：指原因。how：指方式、方法、程度等。
- 例句:
- I don't know who he is.
- Tell me what you want.
- I wonder when they will arrive.
- He asked me where I lived.
- She couldn't explain why she was late.
- They discussed how to solve the problem.
- I don't know whose book this is.
三、时态一致
- 主句现在时: 从句时态可以根据实际情况变化。
- 主句过去时: 从句通常使用过去时态或过去将来时，以体现时间上的先后关系。
- 一般原则:
- 如果从句描述的是普遍真理或客观事实，则从句时态不受主句影响，使用一般现在时。
- 例句:
- He says that he is a student. (主句现在时，从句现在时)
- He said that he was a student. (主句过去时，从句过去时)
- He said that he would go to Beijing. (主句过去时，从句过去将来时)
- He said that the earth is round. (主句过去时，从句一般现在时，描述普遍真理)
四、语序
- 陈述语序: 宾语从句必须使用陈述语序，即主语+谓语+其他成分。
- 避免倒装: 即使疑问词引导，也不能使用疑问句语序。
- 例句:
- Wrong: I don't know is he coming.
- Correct: I don't know if he is coming.
五、特殊结构
- 动词 + it + that从句: 当从句较长时，可用
it 作形式宾语，将从句后置。常见的动词有 think, believe, find, consider, make。
- 例句:
- I think it important that you learn English well.
- They found it necessary that the project be completed on time.
hope的用法: hope 后面的 that 可以省略，但一般不省略。 hope不接 to do，期望某人做某事，用 hope sb. will do- 例句:
- I hope (that) you will come to my party.
六、总结
- 掌握宾语从句的定义和功能。
- 熟练区分
that, if/whether, 和疑问词引导的宾语从句。
- 注意时态一致和语序问题。
- 理解并运用特殊结构。
- 多加练习，提高运用能力。
七、练习题 (示例)
- I don't know __ he will come or not. (A. if B. that C. whether D. what)
- She told me __ she had finished her homework. (A. if B. what C. that D. when)
- He asked me __ I was going. (A. where B. that C. whether D. what)
- I think it important __ we should protect the environment. (A. that B. if C. whether D. what)
- He said __ the sun rises in the east. (A. that B. if C. whether D. what)
八、高级应用 (简述)
- 并列宾语从句: 一个动词或介词后接多个并列的宾语从句。
- 嵌套宾语从句: 一个宾语从句中包含另一个宾语从句或其他类型的从句。
- 熟练运用这些技巧可以提高写作和口语表达的流畅性和复杂性。
