英语定语从句思维导图

《英语定语从句思维导图》

1. 定义与功能 (Definition & Function)

1.1 定义 (Definition)

定语从句 (Relative Clause / Adjective Clause) 是一种从句,其作用类似于形容词,用来修饰名词或代词(称为先行词, Antecedent)。它通常紧跟在先行词之后,提供关于先行词的更多信息。

1.2 功能 (Function)

  • 修饰限定 (Modification & Qualification): 对先行词进行修饰、解释、说明或限定,使其含义更具体、清晰。

  • 识别确认 (Identification): 在限定性定语从句中,帮助识别或确认先行词所指代的特定人或物。

  • 补充信息 (Additional Information): 在非限定性定语从句中,提供关于先行词的额外、非必要的信息。

  • 示例:*

  • The book **that is on the table** is mine. (修饰 The book,指出是哪一本)

  • He is the man **whom I met yesterday**. (修饰 the man,识别是哪个男人)

  • My father, **who is a retired engineer**, enjoys gardening. (补充说明 My father 的信息)

2. 构成要素 (Components)

2.1 先行词 (Antecedent)

被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。它可以是人、物、地点、时间、原因等。

2.2 关系词 (Relative Word)

引导定语从句并将从句与先行词连接起来的词。关系词在从句中担当一定的句子成分(如主语、宾语、定语、状语)。主要分为关系代词和关系副词。

2.3 从句部分 (Clause Part)

关系词之后的部分,包含谓语动词,有时也包含主语(如果关系词不是主语的话),构成一个完整的或不完整的句子结构,但依附于主句。

3. 基本类型 (Basic Types)

3.1 限定性定语从句 (Restrictive / Defining Relative Clause)

  • 特点 (Characteristics):
    • 提供识别先行词所必需的信息,若删除,主句意思会不明确或改变。
    • 与先行词关系紧密,中间通常不用逗号隔开。
    • 关系代词 that 常用于此类从句。
    • 关系代词在从句中作宾语时,常可以省略 (尤其在口语和非正式写作中)。
  • 示例 (Example):
    • The student **who answered the question** got full marks. (没有这个从句,不知道是哪个学生)
    • This is the house **(that/which) I want to buy**. (关系代词 that/which 作宾语可省略)

3.2 非限定性定语从句 (Non-restrictive / Non-defining Relative Clause)

  • 特点 (Characteristics):
    • 提供关于先行词的附加、非必要信息,先行词本身含义已明确(通常是专有名词、物主代词修饰的名词等)。
    • 若删除,主句意思基本保持完整。
    • 必须用逗号与主句隔开(前后都有逗号,或前面有逗号,后面是句末句号)。
    • 不能使用关系代词 that
    • 关系代词即使在从句中作宾语,通常也不能省略。
  • 示例 (Example):
    • Albert Einstein, **who developed the theory of relativity**, is considered a genius. (先行词 Albert Einstein 已明确)
    • My favorite book, **which I read last year**, is "Pride and Prejudice". (不能用 thatwhich 不可省略)

4. 关系词 (Relative Words)

4.1 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns)

4.1.1 指人 (Referring to People)

  • who: 在从句中作主语 (Subject) 或宾语 (Object - 非正式)。
    • 作主语: The woman **who** lives next door is friendly.
    • 作宾语 (非正式): The man **who** I saw was Mr. Lee. (正式应用 whom)
  • whom: 在从句中作宾语 (Object - 正式),尤其在介词后。
    • 作宾语: The actor **whom** everyone admires is very talented.
    • 介词后: The teacher **to whom** I spoke gave me good advice.
  • whose: 在从句中作定语 (Possessive),表示所属关系,可指人也可指物。
    • 指人: She is the artist **whose** paintings are famous worldwide.

4.1.2 指物/概念 (Referring to Things/Concepts)

  • which: 在从句中作主语 (Subject) 或宾语 (Object)。可用于限定性和非限定性从句。
    • 作主语: The phone **which** is ringing is on the desk.
    • 作宾语: The report **which** he submitted was excellent.
    • 非限定性: This car, **which** cost me a fortune, often breaks down.
  • whose: 也可指物,表示“其...的”。
    • 指物: A house **whose** roof is leaking needs repair. (等同于 a house the roof of which...)

4.1.3 通用 (General - 主要用于限定性从句)

  • that: 可指人也可指物,在从句中作主语 (Subject) 或宾语 (Object)。只能用于限定性定语从句。
    • 指人 (作主语): The girl **that** sings beautifully won the competition. (= who)
    • 指人 (作宾语): The people **that** we met were helpful. (= who/whom)
    • 指物 (作主语): I lost the watch **that** my father gave me. (= which)
    • 指物 (作宾语): The topics **that** they discussed were important. (= which)
    • 注意: that 不能用于非限定性定语从句,也不能直接跟在介词后面。

4.2 关系副词 (Relative Adverbs)

关系副词在从句中作状语,相当于 "介词 + which"。

4.2.1 when (= in/on/at which)

  • 先行词通常是表示时间的词 (time, day, year, moment 等)。
  • 示例: I remember the day **when** we first met. (= on which)

4.2.2 where (= in/on/at which)

  • 先行词通常是表示地点的词 (place, house, city, area 等)。
  • 示例: This is the park **where** we used to play. (= in which)

4.2.3 why (= for which)

  • 先行词通常是 reason
  • 示例: Tell me the reason **why** you were late. (= for which)

5. 特殊用法与注意事项 (Special Uses & Notes)

5.1 关系词的省略 (Omission of Relative Words)

  • 条件: 仅限于限定性定语从句中,当关系代词 who(m), which, that宾语时。
  • 示例: The film (which/that) we watched last night was boring.
  • 注意: 作主语的关系代词 (who, which, that) 不能省略。关系副词 when, where, why 在非正式场合有时可省略,但有一定限制。

5.2 that 的优先/必须使用场景 (Preferable/Obligatory Use of that)

在限定性定语从句中,以下情况倾向于或必须使用 that (而不是 whowhich):

  • 先行词被最高级 (superlative) 修饰: This is the **best** movie **that** I've ever seen.
  • 先行词被序数词 (ordinal number) 修饰: The **first** step **that** you should take is...
  • 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰: He is **the only** person **that** understands me.
  • 先行词包含 all, much, little, none, (a)few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等不定代词: **All that** glitters is not gold.
  • 先行词既有人又有物: Look at the boy and his dog **that** are running in the park.
  • 主句以 Who, Which 开头的疑问句: **Who** is the man **that** is talking to her?

5.3 that 不适用的场景 (Scenarios where that is unsuitable)

  • 非限定性定语从句中绝对不用 that
  • 介词直接位于关系词之前时,不用 that,只能用 whom (指人) 或 which (指物)。
    • 正确: The topic **about which** we talked was interesting.
    • 错误: The topic about that we talked... (但可以说 The topic **that** we talked **about**...)

5.4 介词的位置 (Position of Prepositions)

当关系代词作介词的宾语时,介词可以放在:

  • 关系词之前 (较正式): The person **to whom** I owe money is here. / The subject **on which** he wrote is complex.
  • 从句末尾 (较常见,尤其口语): The person **who(m)/that** I owe money **to** is here. / The subject **which/that** he wrote **on** is complex. (注意:此时可用 that 或省略关系词,且用 who 更常见)。

5.5 which 指代整个主句 ( which Referring to the Whole Main Clause)

  • which 可以引导非限定性定语从句,修饰前面整个主句所表达的意思。
  • 此时 which 前必须有逗号。
  • 示例: He failed the exam, **which** was unexpected. (which 指代 He failed the exam 这件事)

5.6 asbut 作关系代词 ( as and but as Relative Pronouns)

  • as: 常用于 such...as, the same...as 结构中,或引导非限定性从句指代整个主句 (类似 which)。
    • He is not **such** a fool **as** he looks. (他不像他看起来那么傻)
    • This is **the same** watch **as** I lost. (这是和我丢的那块一样的表)
    • **As** is known to all, the earth is round. (众所周知,地球是圆的 - as 指代后面整句话的内容)
  • but: 作关系代词时,意为 "who...not" 或 "that...not",带有否定含义,先行词常被否定词修饰。较少见。
    • There is no rule **but** has exceptions. (= that does not have exceptions) (没有无例外的规则)

6. 常见错误 (Common Mistakes)

6.1 关系词混淆 (Mixing up Relative Words)

  • which 指人 (应为 who/whom)。
  • who 指物 (应为 which/that)。
  • 在需要 whose 表示所属关系时误用 whowhich

6.2 逗号使用不当 (Incorrect Comma Usage)

  • 在非限定性定语从句前后漏加逗号。
  • 在限定性定语从句前误加逗号。

6.3 滥用 that (Overuse/Misuse of that)

  • 在非限定性定语从句中使用 that
  • 在介词后直接使用 that

6.4 关系词冗余或错误省略 (Redundant or Incorrect Omission of Relative Word)

  • 在关系词作主语时省略关系词。
  • 在非限定性定语从句中省略作宾语的关系词。
  • 当先行词在从句中已由其他词(如 it)指代时,仍使用关系词造成结构混乱 (e.g., 错误: The book that I bought it yesterday is good.应改为 The book that I bought yesterday is good.)

6.5 从句谓语与先行词数不一致 (Subject-Verb Agreement Issues)

  • 当关系代词 (who, which, that) 作主语时,从句的谓语动词应与其先行词的人称和数保持一致。
    • 示例: He is one of the students **who come** from Canada. (先行词是 students, 所以用 come)
    • 示例: He is the only one of the students **who comes** from Canada. (先行词是 the only one, 所以用 comes)

6.6 结构混乱 (Confusing Structure)

  • 定语从句过长或嵌套过多,导致句子难以理解。
  • 介词位置放置不当,尤其是在非正式语境中将介词前提。
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