《英语语法的思维导图》
I. 词法 (Morphology)
A. 词类 (Parts of Speech)
1. 名词 (Nouns)
a. 定义:表示人、物、地点、概念等
b. 分类:
i. 专有名词 (Proper Nouns):特定的人、地方、事物 (例:John, London, Eiffel Tower)
ii. 普通名词 (Common Nouns):一般的人、地方、事物 (例:dog, city, table)
- 可数名词 (Countable Nouns):可以计数 (例:book, chair, apple)
- 不可数名词 (Uncountable Nouns):不能直接计数 (例:water, air, information)
iii. 集合名词 (Collective Nouns):表示一群人或事物 (例:team, family, group)
iv. 抽象名词 (Abstract Nouns):表示抽象概念 (例:love, freedom, happiness)
c. 数 (Number):单数 (Singular) vs. 复数 (Plural)
d. 性 (Gender):阳性 (Masculine), 阴性 (Feminine), 通性 (Common), 中性 (Neuter)
e. 格 (Case):主格 (Nominative), 宾格 (Objective), 所有格 (Possessive)
- 不可数名词 (Uncountable Nouns):不能直接计数 (例:water, air, information)
2. 动词 (Verbs)
a. 定义:表示动作或状态
b. 分类:
i. 实义动词 (Lexical Verbs/Main Verbs):具有实际意义 (例:run, eat, sleep)
- 及物动词 (Transitive Verbs):需要宾语 (例:read a book)
- 不及物动词 (Intransitive Verbs):不需要宾语 (例:sleep well)
ii. 系动词 (Linking Verbs):连接主语和表语 (例:be, become, seem)
iii. 助动词 (Auxiliary Verbs):帮助构成时态、语态等 (例:be, have, do)
iv. 情态动词 (Modal Verbs):表示可能性、必要性等 (例:can, should, must)
c. 时态 (Tense):
i. 一般现在时 (Simple Present)
ii. 一般过去时 (Simple Past)
iii. 一般将来时 (Simple Future)
iv. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)
v. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous)
vi. 将来进行时 (Future Continuous)
vii. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect)
viii. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect)
ix. 将来完成时 (Future Perfect)
x. 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous)
xi. 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)
d. 语态 (Voice):主动语态 (Active Voice) vs. 被动语态 (Passive Voice)
e. 语气 (Mood):陈述语气 (Indicative Mood), 祈使语气 (Imperative Mood), 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)
f. 非谓语动词 (Non-finite Verbs):不定式 (Infinitive), 动名词 (Gerund), 分词 (Participle)
- 不及物动词 (Intransitive Verbs):不需要宾语 (例:sleep well)
3. 形容词 (Adjectives)
a. 定义:修饰名词,描述其特征
b. 分类:
i. 描述性形容词 (Descriptive Adjectives):描述性质、状态 (例:big, beautiful, old)
ii. 指示形容词 (Demonstrative Adjectives):指示特定对象 (例:this, that, these, those)
iii. 数词形容词 (Numeral Adjectives):表示数量 (例:one, two, first, second)
iv. 疑问形容词 (Interrogative Adjectives):用于提问 (例:which, whose, what)
v. 所有格形容词 (Possessive Adjectives):表示所有关系 (例:my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
c. 比较级 (Comparative) and 最高级 (Superlative)
4. 副词 (Adverbs)
a. 定义:修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示程度、方式、时间、地点等
b. 分类:
i. 方式副词 (Adverbs of Manner):描述动作方式 (例:quickly, slowly, carefully)
ii. 时间副词 (Adverbs of Time):表示时间 (例:now, yesterday, soon)
iii. 地点副词 (Adverbs of Place):表示地点 (例:here, there, everywhere)
iv. 程度副词 (Adverbs of Degree):表示程度 (例:very, quite, extremely)
v. 频率副词 (Adverbs of Frequency):表示频率 (例:always, often, sometimes)
vi. 疑问副词 (Interrogative Adverbs):用于提问 (例:where, when, why, how)
c. 比较级 (Comparative) and 最高级 (Superlative)
5. 代词 (Pronouns)
a. 定义:代替名词
b. 分类:
i. 人称代词 (Personal Pronouns):I, you, he, she, it, we, they
ii. 物主代词 (Possessive Pronouns):mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
iii. 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns):this, that, these, those
iv. 疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronouns):who, whom, whose, which, what
v. 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns):who, whom, whose, which, that
vi. 反身代词 (Reflexive Pronouns):myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
vii. 相互代词 (Reciprocal Pronouns):each other, one another
viii. 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronouns):some, any, no, every (和其派生词)
6. 介词 (Prepositions)
a. 定义:表示名词或代词与句子中其他成分的关系 (时间, 地点, 方式等)
b. 常见介词:on, in, at, to, from, with, by, for, about, of, over, under, before, after
7. 连词 (Conjunctions)
a. 定义:连接词、短语或句子
b. 分类:
i. 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions):and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
ii. 从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunctions):连接主句和从句 (例:because, if, although, when, where, that)
iii. 关联连词 (Correlative Conjunctions):成对使用 (例:both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also)
8. 感叹词 (Interjections)
a. 定义:表达情感 (例:Oh! Wow! Alas!)
B. 词形变化 (Inflection)
1. 名词复数
2. 动词时态变化
3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
4. 代词的格变化
II. 句法 (Syntax)
A. 句子成分 (Sentence Elements)
1. 主语 (Subject)
2. 谓语 (Predicate)
3. 宾语 (Object):直接宾语 (Direct Object), 间接宾语 (Indirect Object)
4. 表语 (Complement)
5. 定语 (Attribute)
6. 状语 (Adverbial)
7. 同位语 (Appositive)
B. 句子类型 (Sentence Types)
1. 简单句 (Simple Sentence)
2. 并列句 (Compound Sentence)
3. 复合句 (Complex Sentence):
a. 名词性从句 (Noun Clause):主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句
b. 形容词性从句 (Adjective Clause)/定语从句:由关系代词或关系副词引导
c. 副词性从句 (Adverbial Clause):时间状语从句, 地点状语从句, 原因状语从句, 条件状语从句, 目的状语从句, 结果状语从句, 让步状语从句, 方式状语从句, 比较状语从句
4. 疑问句 (Interrogative Sentence):一般疑问句, 特殊疑问句, 选择疑问句, 反意疑问句
5. 祈使句 (Imperative Sentence)
6. 感叹句 (Exclamatory Sentence)
C. 句子结构 (Sentence Structure)
1. 主谓结构 (Subject-Predicate)
2. 主谓宾结构 (Subject-Predicate-Object)
3. 主谓宾宾结构 (Subject-Predicate-Object-Object)
4. 主谓宾补结构 (Subject-Predicate-Object-Complement)
5. 主系表结构 (Subject-Linking Verb-Predicate)
D. 倒装 (Inversion)
1. 全部倒装
2. 部分倒装
E. 一致 (Agreement)
1. 主谓一致 (Subject-Verb Agreement)
2. 数的一致 (Number Agreement)
3. 性的一致 (Gender Agreement)
F. 省略 (Ellipsis)
III. 语用 (Pragmatics)
A. 句子功能 (Sentence Functions)
1. 陈述 (Statement)
2. 提问 (Question)
3. 命令 (Command)
4. 表达情感 (Expression of Emotion)
B. 语境 (Context)
1. 语言环境
2. 社会文化环境
C. 含义 (Meaning)
1. 字面意义 (Literal Meaning)
2. 隐含意义 (Implicature)
IV. 标点符号 (Punctuation)
A. 句号 (Period/Full Stop) (.)
B. 逗号 (Comma) (,)
C. 问号 (Question Mark) (?)
D. 叹号 (Exclamation Mark) (!)
E. 分号 (Semicolon) (;)
F. 冒号 (Colon) (:)
G. 破折号 (Dash) (—)
H. 引号 (Quotation Marks) (" ")
I. 括号 (Parentheses/Brackets) (())
J. 省略号 (Ellipsis) (...)
K. 撇号 (Apostrophe) (')
This思维导图 provides a comprehensive overview of English grammar. Understanding these elements is crucial for effective communication and accurate language usage.