条件状语从句思维导图
《条件状语从句思维导图》
1. 核心概念
1.1 定义
- 用来表示主句动作发生、存在或实现的条件。
- 从句引导词引导,连接主句,构成复合句。
1.2 结构
- 从属连词 + 从句 (条件) + 主句 (结果)
- 主句 + 从属连词 + 从句 (条件) (位置灵活,逗号根据位置决定是否使用)
1.3 特点
- 从句通常位于主句之前,有时也可以位于主句之后。
- 条件状语从句的谓语动词通常使用一般现在时表示将来。
- 在含有条件状语从句的复合句中,主句可以使用各种时态(一般将来时、情态动词等)。
- 语气表达可以是真实的,也可以是虚拟的。
2. 常用引导词
2.1 基本条件引导词
- if:如果 (最常见,表一般条件)
- 示例:If it rains, we will stay at home. (如果下雨,我们将待在家里。)
- unless:除非 (相当于if not)
- 示例:Unless you study hard, you will fail the exam. (除非你努力学习,否则你考试会不及格。)
2.2 增强条件引导词
- only if:只有...才
- 示例:Only if you apologize will I forgive you. (只有你道歉我才会原谅你。)
- as/so long as:只要...就
- 示例:As long as you are happy, I am happy. (只要你快乐,我就快乐。)
- on condition that:在...条件下
- 示例:I will lend you the money on condition that you pay it back next week. (我借给你钱,条件是你下周还我。)
- provided (that)/providing (that):如果;倘若
- 示例:Providing that the weather is good, we will go hiking. (如果天气好,我们就去徒步。)
2.3 其他引导词 (不常用,但需要了解)
- in case:以防万一
- 示例:Take an umbrella in case it rains. (带把伞以防下雨。)
- suppose (that)/supposing (that):假设
- 示例:Suppose it snows, what will you do? (假设下雪了,你打算做什么?)
3. 时态问题
3.1 一般现在时表将来
- 原则:在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
- 原因:避免重复使用将来时,使表达更简洁。
- 示例:
- If I have time tomorrow, I will visit you. (如果我明天有时间,我会去看你。) 错误: If I will have time tomorrow, I will visit you.
- Unless it rains, we will go to the park. (除非下雨,否则我们会去公园。)
3.2 主句时态灵活
- 主句可以根据语境使用各种时态,表示不同时间、不同语气。
- 一般将来时:If you study hard, you will pass the exam. (如果你努力学习,你将会通过考试。)
- 现在进行时:If you are free now, we are watching a movie. (如果你现在有空,我们正在看电影。)
- 一般过去时:If you studied hard, you passed the exam. (如果你努力学习了,你通过了考试。)
- 过去将来时:If he had time, he said he would visit me. (如果他有时间,他说他会来看我。)
- 情态动词:If you want to succeed, you must work hard. (如果你想成功,你必须努力工作。)
4. 虚拟语气
4.1 与现在事实相反
- 从句:if + 主语 + 动词过去式 (be 动词用 were)
- 主句:主语 + would/should/could/might + 动词原形
- 示例:
- If I were rich, I would travel around the world. (如果我有钱,我就会环游世界。) 实际上我没钱,所以这是与现在事实相反的假设。
4.2 与过去事实相反
- 从句:if + 主语 + had + 过去分词
- 主句:主语 + would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词
- 示例:
- If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. (如果我当时努力学习了,我就会通过考试。) 实际上我当时没努力学习,也没通过考试,所以这是与过去事实相反的假设。
4.3 与将来事实相反 (可能性很小)
- 从句:if + 主语 + were to do / should do
- 主句:主语 + would/should/could/might + 动词原形
- 示例:
- If the earth were to be hit by a large asteroid, the consequences would be catastrophic. (如果地球被一颗大型小行星撞击,后果将是灾难性的。) 这种可能性很小,但也不是完全不可能。
5. 特殊情况
5.1 倒装
- 为了加强语气,有时可以将条件状语从句中的 should, were, had 提前到主语之前,并省略 if。
- Should it rain, we would stay at home. ( = If it should rain, we would stay at home.)
- Were I rich, I would travel around the world. ( = If I were rich, I would travel around the world.)
- Had I known, I would have helped you. ( = If I had known, I would have helped you.)
5.2 省略
- 在口语中,有时可以省略 if 引导的条件状语从句中的一部分。
- "If necessary, I will call you." 可以省略为 "Necessary, I will call you."
6. 练习与应用
6.1 识别条件状语从句
- 找出句子中的从属连词。
- 判断哪个是从句,哪个是主句。
- 分析从句和主句之间的逻辑关系。
6.2 写作与表达
- 使用条件状语从句来表达各种假设和条件。
- 注意时态和语气的正确使用。
- 根据语境选择合适的引导词。