《绿色植物的一生思维导图初一》
中心主题:绿色植物的一生
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I. 种子 (Seed)
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A. 结构 (Structure)
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- 种皮 (Seed Coat):
- a. 保护作用 (Protection): 防止机械损伤,水分流失,病虫害侵袭
- b. 颜色 (Color): 有利于传播,吸引动物或伪装
- 种皮 (Seed Coat):
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- 胚 (Embryo):
- a. 胚根 (Radicle): 发育成根 (Develops into Root)
- b. 胚芽 (Plumule): 发育成茎和叶 (Develops into Stem and Leaves)
- c. 胚轴 (Hypocotyl): 连接胚根和胚芽 (Connects Radicle and Plumule)
- d. 子叶 (Cotyledon): 提供营养 (Provides Nutrition); 单子叶植物一片,双子叶植物两片。
- 胚 (Embryo):
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- 胚乳 (Endosperm):
- a. 作用 (Function): 储存营养物质,供胚发育利用 (Stores Nutrients for Embryo Development)。 并非所有种子都有胚乳 (Not all seeds have endosperm)。
- 胚乳 (Endosperm):
- B. 类型 (Types)
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- 单子叶植物种子 (Monocotyledonous Seed): 如玉米,水稻 (Examples: Corn, Rice)
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- 双子叶植物种子 (Dicotyledonous Seed): 如豆类,花生 (Examples: Beans, Peanuts)
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C. 萌发 (Germination)
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- 条件 (Conditions)
- a. 外部条件 (External Conditions):
- i. 适宜的温度 (Suitable Temperature): 酶活性需要适宜的温度 (Enzyme activity requires suitable temperature)
- ii. 一定的水分 (Adequate Moisture): 促进细胞吸水,激活酶 (Promotes cell water absorption and activates enzymes)
- iii. 充足的空气 (Sufficient Air): 提供呼吸作用所需的氧气 (Provides oxygen for respiration)
- b. 内部条件 (Internal Conditions):
- i. 胚是活的且完整 (The embryo is alive and complete)
- ii. 种子不在休眠期 (The seed is not in dormancy)
- 条件 (Conditions)
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- 过程 (Process)
- a. 吸水膨胀 (Water Absorption and Swelling)
- b. 胚根突破种皮 (Radicle Breaks Through Seed Coat)
- c. 胚轴伸长 (Hypocotyl Elongation)
- d. 胚芽发育 (Plumule Development)
- e. 子叶展开 (Cotyledon Expansion/Emergence)
- 过程 (Process)
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II. 幼苗 (Seedling)
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A. 根 (Root)
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- 类型 (Types):
- a. 直根系 (Taproot System): 主根发达,侧根细小 (Developed main root, small lateral roots)
- b. 须根系 (Fibrous Root System): 主根不明显,多为细长的根 (No distinct main root, mostly slender roots)
- 类型 (Types):
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- 结构 (Structure):
- a. 根冠 (Root Cap): 保护根尖 (Protects the root tip)
- b. 分生区 (Meristematic Zone): 细胞分裂,根生长 (Cell division, root growth)
- c. 伸长区 (Elongation Zone): 细胞伸长,根变长 (Cell elongation, root lengthening)
- d. 成熟区 (Maturation Zone): 细胞分化,吸收水分和无机盐 (Cell differentiation, absorption of water and minerals)
- 结构 (Structure):
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- 功能 (Functions):
- a. 吸收水分和无机盐 (Absorption of Water and Minerals)
- b. 固定植物体 (Anchoring the Plant)
- c. 储存营养物质 (Storage of Nutrients)
- 功能 (Functions):
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B. 茎 (Stem)
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- 类型 (Types):
- a. 草本茎 (Herbaceous Stem): 柔软 (Soft)
- b. 木本茎 (Woody Stem): 坚硬 (Hard)
- 类型 (Types):
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- 结构 (Structure):
- a. 维管束 (Vascular Bundle): 包括木质部和韧皮部 (Includes xylem and phloem)
- i. 木质部 (Xylem): 运输水分和无机盐 (Transports water and minerals)
- ii. 韧皮部 (Phloem): 运输有机物 (Transports organic matter)
- b. 形成层 (Cambium): 木本植物茎增粗的组织 (Tissue for thickening of woody plant stems)
- 结构 (Structure):
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- 功能 (Functions):
- a. 支持植物体 (Supporting the Plant)
- b. 运输水分、无机盐和有机物 (Transporting Water, Minerals, and Organic Matter)
- 功能 (Functions):
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C. 叶 (Leaf)
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- 结构 (Structure):
- a. 叶片 (Leaf Blade): 光合作用的主要场所 (Main site of photosynthesis)
- b. 叶柄 (Petiole): 连接叶片和茎 (Connects leaf blade and stem)
- c. 叶脉 (Vein): 运输水分和有机物 (Transports water and organic matter)
- 结构 (Structure):
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- 类型 (Types):
- a. 单叶 (Simple Leaf): 只有一个叶片 (Only one leaf blade)
- b. 复叶 (Compound Leaf): 有多个叶片 (Multiple leaf blades)
- 类型 (Types):
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- 功能 (Functions):
- a. 光合作用 (Photosynthesis): 制造有机物 (Producing organic matter)
- b. 蒸腾作用 (Transpiration): 散失水分,调节体温 (Loss of water, regulating body temperature)
- c. 呼吸作用 (Respiration): 分解有机物,释放能量 (Breaking down organic matter, releasing energy)
- 功能 (Functions):
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III. 成年植物 (Mature Plant)
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A. 开花 (Flowering)
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- 花的结构 (Flower Structure):
- a. 花萼 (Calyx): 保护花蕾 (Protects the flower bud)
- b. 花瓣 (Petal): 吸引昆虫 (Attracts insects)
- c. 雄蕊 (Stamen): 产生花粉 (Produces pollen)
- d. 雌蕊 (Pistil): 接受花粉,产生卵细胞 (Receives pollen, produces egg cells)
- 花的结构 (Flower Structure):
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- 花的类型 (Flower Types):
- a. 虫媒花 (Insect-pollinated Flower): 依靠昆虫传播花粉 (Relies on insects to spread pollen)
- b. 风媒花 (Wind-pollinated Flower): 依靠风传播花粉 (Relies on wind to spread pollen)
- 花的类型 (Flower Types):
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B. 传粉 (Pollination)
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- 自花传粉 (Self-pollination): 花粉落在同一朵花的柱头上 (Pollen falls on the stigma of the same flower)
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- 异花传粉 (Cross-pollination): 花粉落在另一朵花的柱头上 (Pollen falls on the stigma of another flower)
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C. 受精 (Fertilization)
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- 花粉管 (Pollen Tube): 花粉管伸长,将精子送到胚珠中 (Pollen tube elongates and sends sperm into the ovule)
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- 双受精 (Double Fertilization): 一个精子与卵细胞结合形成受精卵,另一个精子与极核结合形成胚乳 (One sperm unites with the egg cell to form a zygote, and the other sperm unites with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm)
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D. 果实和种子形成 (Fruit and Seed Formation)
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- 子房 (Ovary): 发育成果实 (Develops into fruit)
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- 胚珠 (Ovule): 发育成种子 (Develops into seed)
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- 果皮 (Pericarp): 保护种子 (Protects the seeds)
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IV. 植物的生命周期 (Plant Life Cycle)
- A. 一年生植物 (Annual Plant): 一年内完成整个生命周期 (Completes its entire life cycle in one year)
- B. 二年生植物 (Biennial Plant): 两年内完成整个生命周期 (Completes its entire life cycle in two years)
- C. 多年生植物 (Perennial Plant): 多年存活 (Lives for many years)
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V. 植物与环境 (Plants and the Environment)
- A. 植物适应环境 (Plant Adaptation to the Environment):
- 形态适应 (Morphological Adaptation)
- 生理适应 (Physiological Adaptation)
- 行为适应 (Behavioral Adaptation)
- B. 植物对人类的重要性 (Importance of Plants to Humans):
- 食物来源 (Food Source)
- 氧气供应 (Oxygen Supply)
- 药物来源 (Drug Source)
- 建筑材料 (Building Materials)
- 美化环境 (Beautifying the Environment)
- A. 植物适应环境 (Plant Adaptation to the Environment):
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VI. 特殊的植物 (Special Plants)
- A. 寄生植物 (Parasitic Plants): 从其他植物获取营养 (Obtain nutrients from other plants)
- B. 食虫植物 (Carnivorous Plants): 捕捉昆虫获取营养 (Capture insects to obtain nutrients)
- C. 旱生植物 (Xerophytes): 适应干旱环境 (Adapted to arid environments)