英语的思维导图

英语思维导图

I. 语言基础 (Language Fundamentals)

• A. 词汇 (Vocabulary)

  • 1. 词根词缀 (Roots & Affixes)
       • a. 前缀 (Prefixes): un-, re-, in-, dis-, pre-, post-, anti-, sub-, super-, trans-
       • b. 后缀 (Suffixes): -tion, -sion, -able, -ible, -ment, -ness, -ly, -ful, -less, -er, -or, -ist
       • c. 词根 (Roots): bio-, geo-, chron-, therm-, hydr-, photo-, tele-, spect-, scrib-, dict-
  • 2. 同义词/反义词 (Synonyms/Antonyms)
       • a. 近义词辨析 (Nuances of Synonyms)
       • b. 反义词用法 (Usage of Antonyms)
  • 3. 固定搭配 (Collocations)
       • a. 动词 + 名词 (Verb + Noun)
       • b. 形容词 + 名词 (Adjective + Noun)
       • c. 副词 + 动词 (Adverb + Verb)
  • 4. 语境学习 (Contextual Learning)
       • a. 阅读理解 (Reading Comprehension)
       • b. 听力理解 (Listening Comprehension)
  • 5. 记忆方法 (Memorization Techniques)
       • a. 词汇卡片 (Flashcards)
       • b. 间隔重复 (Spaced Repetition)
       • c. 联想记忆 (Mnemonic Devices)

• B. 语法 (Grammar)

  • 1. 词性 (Parts of Speech)
       • a. 名词 (Nouns): 可数/不可数, 单数/复数, 专有名词/普通名词
       • b. 动词 (Verbs): 及物/不及物, 规则/不规则, 时态/语态
       • c. 形容词 (Adjectives): 描述性/限定性, 比较级/最高级
       • d. 副词 (Adverbs): 方式/地点/时间/程度
       • e. 代词 (Pronouns): 人称/指示/疑问/关系
       • f. 介词 (Prepositions): 时间/地点/方向/关系
       • g. 连词 (Conjunctions): 并列/转折/因果
       • h. 感叹词 (Interjections)
  • 2. 句子结构 (Sentence Structure)
       • a. 简单句 (Simple Sentences)
       • b. 并列句 (Compound Sentences)
       • c. 复合句 (Complex Sentences)
       • i. 名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)
       • ii. 形容词性从句 (Adjective Clauses/Relative Clauses)
       • iii.副词性从句 (Adverbial Clauses)
  • 3. 时态 (Tenses)
       • a. 过去时 (Past Tenses)
       • i. 一般过去时 (Simple Past)
       • ii. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous)
       • iii.过去完成时 (Past Perfect)
       • iv. 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)
       • b. 现在时 (Present Tenses)
       • i. 一般现在时 (Simple Present)
       • ii. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)
       • iii.现在完成时 (Present Perfect)
       • iv. 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous)
       • c. 将来时 (Future Tenses)
       • i. 一般将来时 (Simple Future)
       • ii. 将来进行时 (Future Continuous)
       • iii.将来完成时 (Future Perfect)
       • iv. 将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous)
  • 4. 语态 (Voice): 主动语态/被动语态
  • 5. 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)
  • 6. 倒装 (Inversion)
  • 7. 一致性 (Subject-Verb Agreement)

II. 技能 (Skills)

• A. 阅读 (Reading)

  • 1. 阅读速度 (Reading Speed)
       • a. 略读 (Skimming)
       • b. 扫读 (Scanning)
  • 2. 阅读理解 (Reading Comprehension)
       • a. 抓住主旨 (Grasping the Main Idea)
       • b. 推断含义 (Inferring Meaning)
       • c. 理解细节 (Understanding Details)
       • d. 分析结构 (Analyzing Structure)
  • 3. 阅读材料 (Reading Materials)
       • a. 小说 (Fiction)
       • b. 非小说 (Non-fiction)
       • c. 新闻 (News)
       • d. 学术文章 (Academic Articles)

• B. 听力 (Listening)

  • 1. 辨音 (Sound Discrimination)
  • 2. 听力理解 (Listening Comprehension)
       • a. 听关键词 (Listening for Keywords)
       • b. 理解语调 (Understanding Intonation)
       • c. 抓住逻辑 (Grasping Logic)
  • 3. 听力材料 (Listening Materials)
       • a. 对话 (Dialogues)
       • b. 讲座 (Lectures)
       • c. 新闻广播 (News Broadcasts)
       • d. 电影/电视剧 (Movies/TV Shows)

• C. 口语 (Speaking)

  • 1. 发音 (Pronunciation)
       • a. 音标 (Phonetics)
       • b. 重音 (Stress)
       • c. 语调 (Intonation)
  • 2. 流利度 (Fluency)
       • a. 减少停顿 (Reducing Pauses)
       • b. 使用连接词 (Using Connectors)
  • 3. 表达能力 (Expressiveness)
       • a. 词汇运用 (Vocabulary Usage)
       • b. 语法正确性 (Grammatical Accuracy)
  • 4. 口语练习 (Speaking Practice)
       • a. 角色扮演 (Role-playing)
       • b. 演讲 (Presentations)
       • c. 辩论 (Debates)

• D. 写作 (Writing)

  • 1. 写作结构 (Writing Structure)
       • a. 议论文 (Argumentative Essays)
       • b. 说明文 (Expository Essays)
       • c. 叙述文 (Narrative Essays)
  • 2. 写作技巧 (Writing Techniques)
       • a. 论证 (Argumentation)
       • b. 描述 (Description)
       • c. 举例 (Exemplification)
       • d. 对比 (Comparison & Contrast)
       • e. 因果关系 (Cause & Effect)
  • 3. 写作风格 (Writing Style)
       • a. 正式 (Formal)
       • b. 非正式 (Informal)
  • 4. 写作练习 (Writing Practice)
       • a. 日记 (Journals)
       • b. 博客 (Blogs)
       • c. 邮件 (Emails)
       • d. 论文 (Essays)

III. 应用 (Applications)

• A. 商务英语 (Business English)

  • 1. 商务词汇 (Business Vocabulary)
  • 2. 商务写作 (Business Writing)
       • a. 商务邮件 (Business Emails)
       • b. 报告 (Reports)
       • c. 提案 (Proposals)
  • 3. 商务口语 (Business Speaking)
       • a. 会议 (Meetings)
       • b. 谈判 (Negotiations)
       • c. 演讲 (Presentations)

• B. 学术英语 (Academic English)

  • 1. 学术词汇 (Academic Vocabulary)
  • 2. 学术写作 (Academic Writing)
       • a. 论文 (Essays)
       • b. 研究报告 (Research Papers)
       • c. 文献综述 (Literature Reviews)
  • 3. 学术口语 (Academic Speaking)
       • a. 课堂讨论 (Class Discussions)
       • b. 学术演讲 (Academic Presentations)

• C. 日常英语 (Everyday English)

  • 1. 生活词汇 (Daily Life Vocabulary)
  • 2. 社交口语 (Social Speaking)
       • a. 问候 (Greetings)
       • b. 介绍 (Introductions)
       • c. 闲聊 (Small Talk)

• D. 考试 (Exams)

  • 1. 托福 (TOEFL)
  • 2. 雅思 (IELTS)
  • 3. GRE
  • 4. GMAT
  • 5. CET-4/6

IV. 学习资源 (Learning Resources)

• A. 在线资源 (Online Resources)

  • 1. 网站 (Websites): BBC Learning English, VOA Learning English, Coursera, edX, Khan Academy
  • 2. 应用程序 (Apps): Duolingo, Memrise, Babbel
  • 3. 视频 (Videos): YouTube channels (e.g., English with Lucy, Learn English with Emma)

• B. 书籍 (Books)

  • 1. 语法书 (Grammar Books): English Grammar in Use, Practical English Usage
  • 2. 词汇书 (Vocabulary Books): English Vocabulary in Use, Word Power Made Easy
  • 3. 小说 (Novels): Graded readers, classic literature

• C. 语言伙伴 (Language Partners)

  • 1. Tandem
  • 2. HelloTalk

• D. 语言学校 (Language Schools)

V. 学习策略 (Learning Strategies)

• A. 制定计划 (Setting Goals)
  • 1. SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound)
• B. 坚持练习 (Consistent Practice)
  • 1. 每天练习 (Daily Practice)
• C. 创造环境 (Creating an Immersive Environment)
  • 1. 沉浸式学习 (Immersion)
• D. 积极反馈 (Seeking Feedback)
  • 1. 寻求反馈 (Ask for Feedback)
• E. 保持兴趣 (Maintaining Motivation)
  • 1. 找到乐趣 (Find Enjoyment)