语法思维导图
I. 词法 (Lexicon)
A. 词类 (Parts of Speech)
#### 1. 名词 (Nouns)
* 定义: 表示人、事物、地点、概念等的词
* 分类:
* 普通名词 (Common Nouns):
* 可数名词 (Countable Nouns):
* 单数 (Singular): book, cat
* 复数 (Plural): books, cats (规则/不规则)
* 不可数名词 (Uncountable Nouns): water, air, information
* 专有名词 (Proper Nouns): China, Mary, Monday
* 集合名词 (Collective Nouns): team, family, class
* 抽象名词 (Abstract Nouns): love, happiness, freedom
* 语法功能:
* 主语
* 宾语
* 表语
* 同位语
* 定语 (所有格)
* 补语 (宾语补足语、主语补足语)
* 名词性从句 (Noun Clauses): that引导, what引导, wh-词引导, whether/if引导
#### 2. 动词 (Verbs)
* 定义: 表示动作、状态、发生的词
* 分类:
* 实义动词 (Lexical Verbs):
* 及物动词 (Transitive Verbs): 需要宾语, eat, write
* 不及物动词 (Intransitive Verbs): 不需要宾语, sleep, run
* 系动词 (Linking Verbs): 连接主语和表语, be, become, seem, feel
* 助动词 (Auxiliary Verbs): 辅助实义动词构成时态、语态等, be, have, do, shall, will
* 情态动词 (Modal Verbs): 表示可能性、必要性、允许等, can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, will, would, shall
* 动词的时态 (Tenses):
* 一般现在时 (Simple Present)
* 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)
* 一般过去时 (Simple Past)
* 过去进行时 (Past Continuous)
* 现在完成时 (Present Perfect)
* 过去完成时 (Past Perfect)
* 一般将来时 (Simple Future)
* 将来进行时 (Future Continuous)
* 将来完成时 (Future Perfect)
* 过去将来时 (Past Future)
* 动词的语态 (Voice): 主动语态 (Active Voice), 被动语态 (Passive Voice)
* 动词的非谓语形式 (Non-finite Verbs):
* 动词不定式 (Infinitive): to + verb
* 动名词 (Gerund): verb + -ing
* 分词 (Participle):
* 现在分词 (Present Participle): verb + -ing (主动、进行)
* 过去分词 (Past Participle): verb + -ed (不规则动词形式) (被动、完成)
#### 3. 形容词 (Adjectives)
* 定义: 修饰名词或代词的词
* 分类:
* 描述性形容词 (Descriptive Adjectives): big, small, red, beautiful
* 指示形容词 (Demonstrative Adjectives): this, that, these, those
* 疑问形容词 (Interrogative Adjectives): which, whose, what
* 数量形容词 (Quantitative Adjectives): many, few, some, any
* 所有格形容词 (Possessive Adjectives): my, your, his, her, its, our, their
* 语法功能:
* 定语 (Attributive): 修饰名词
* 表语 (Predicative): 在系动词后
* 比较级 (Comparative) 和最高级 (Superlative):规则/不规则变化
#### 4. 副词 (Adverbs)
* 定义: 修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子的词
* 分类:
* 方式副词 (Adverbs of Manner): quickly, slowly, carefully
* 地点副词 (Adverbs of Place): here, there, everywhere
* 时间副词 (Adverbs of Time): now, then, yesterday, soon
* 频率副词 (Adverbs of Frequency): always, often, sometimes, never
* 程度副词 (Adverbs of Degree): very, quite, extremely, too
* 疑问副词 (Interrogative Adverbs): why, when, where, how
* 关系副词 (Relative Adverbs): when, where, why
* 语法功能:
* 修饰动词
* 修饰形容词
* 修饰副词
* 修饰整个句子
* 比较级 (Comparative) 和最高级 (Superlative):规则/不规则变化
#### 5. 代词 (Pronouns)
* 定义: 代替名词或名词性短语的词
* 分类:
* 人称代词 (Personal Pronouns): I, you, he, she, it, we, they
* 物主代词 (Possessive Pronouns): mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
* 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns): this, that, these, those
* 疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronouns): who, whom, which, what, whose
* 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns): who, whom, which, that, whose
* 反身代词 (Reflexive Pronouns): myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
* 相互代词 (Reciprocal Pronouns): each other, one another
* 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronouns): some, any, every, no, one, all, both, few, many, several
#### 6. 数词 (Numerals)
* 定义: 表示数量或顺序的词
* 分类:
* 基数词 (Cardinal Numerals): one, two, three, four
* 序数词 (Ordinal Numerals): first, second, third, fourth
#### 7. 介词 (Prepositions)
* 定义: 表示名词或代词与句子中其他成分关系的词
* 常见介词: in, on, at, to, for, with, by, from, of, about, under, over, before, after, between, among, through, during
* 介词短语 (Prepositional Phrases): 介词 + 名词/代词
#### 8. 连词 (Conjunctions)
* 定义: 连接词、短语或句子的词
* 分类:
* 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions): and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
* 从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunctions): when, where, because, if, although, that, since, until, as, while, before, after, unless, so that
* 关联连词 (Correlative Conjunctions): both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, whether...or
#### 9. 感叹词 (Interjections)
* 定义: 表示说话时感情的词
* 常见感叹词: Oh, Ah, Wow, Alas, Ouch
B. 词组 (Phrases)
#### 1. 动词短语 (Verb Phrase)
#### 2. 名词短语 (Noun Phrase)
#### 3. 形容词短语 (Adjective Phrase)
#### 4. 副词短语 (Adverb Phrase)
#### 5. 介词短语 (Prepositional Phrase)
II. 句法 (Syntax)
A. 句子成分 (Sentence Elements)
#### 1. 主语 (Subject)
* 定义: 动作的执行者或描述的对象
* 通常由名词、代词或名词性短语充当
#### 2. 谓语 (Predicate)
* 定义: 说明主语的动作或状态
* 通常由动词充当
#### 3. 宾语 (Object)
* 定义: 动作的承受者
* 通常由名词、代词或名词性短语充当
* 类型: 直接宾语 (Direct Object), 间接宾语 (Indirect Object)
#### 4. 表语 (Complement)
* 定义: 说明主语的特征、状态或身份
* 通常在系动词后
* 由名词、代词、形容词或相当于名词、形容词的词或短语充当
#### 5. 定语 (Attribute)
* 定义: 修饰名词或代词
* 通常由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、不定式或介词短语充当
* 位置: 前置定语, 后置定语
#### 6. 状语 (Adverbial)
* 定义: 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子
* 表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等
* 通常由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词或状语从句充当
#### 7. 补语 (Complement)
* 定义: 补充说明主语或宾语
* 类型: 主语补足语 (Subject Complement), 宾语补足语 (Object Complement)
#### 8. 同位语 (Appositive)
* 定义: 对名词或代词作进一步解释说明
* 位置: 紧跟在被解释说明的名词或代词后
B. 句子类型 (Sentence Types)
#### 1. 简单句 (Simple Sentence)
* 定义: 只有一个主语和一个谓语的句子
#### 2. 并列句 (Compound Sentence)
* 定义: 由两个或多个简单句通过并列连词连接而成
#### 3. 复合句 (Complex Sentence)
* 定义: 由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成
* 从句类型:
* 名词性从句 (Noun Clause): 主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句
* 形容词性从句 (Adjective Clause / Relative Clause): 由关系代词或关系副词引导
* 副词性从句 (Adverbial Clause): 时间状语从句, 地点状语从句, 原因状语从句, 目的状语从句, 结果状语从句, 条件状语从句, 让步状语从句, 方式状语从句, 比较状语从句
C. 句子结构 (Sentence Structure)
#### 1. 陈述句 (Declarative Sentence)
#### 2. 疑问句 (Interrogative Sentence)
* 一般疑问句 (General Question)
* 特殊疑问句 (Wh-Question)
* 选择疑问句 (Alternative Question)
* 反意疑问句 (Tag Question)
#### 3. 祈使句 (Imperative Sentence)
#### 4. 感叹句 (Exclamatory Sentence)
D. 一致 (Agreement)
#### 1. 主谓一致 (Subject-Verb Agreement)
#### 2. 代词一致 (Pronoun Agreement)
E. 倒装 (Inversion)
#### 1. 全部倒装 (Full Inversion)
#### 2. 部分倒装 (Partial Inversion)
III. 其他 (Others)
A. 标点符号 (Punctuation)
#### 1. 句号 (Period/Full Stop)
#### 2. 逗号 (Comma)
#### 3. 问号 (Question Mark)
#### 4. 叹号 (Exclamation Mark)
#### 5. 冒号 (Colon)
#### 6. 分号 (Semicolon)
#### 7. 引号 (Quotation Marks)
#### 8. 括号 (Parentheses/Brackets)
#### 9. 破折号 (Dash)
#### 10. 省略号 (Ellipsis)
#### 11. 撇号 (Apostrophe)
B. 词性转换 (Word Formation)
#### 1. 加前缀 (Prefixes)
#### 2. 加后缀 (Suffixes)
#### 3. 转化 (Conversion)
#### 4. 合成 (Compounding)
C. 句子分析 (Sentence Analysis)
