《被动语态思维导图》

中心主题： 被动语态 (Passive Voice)

I. 基本概念 (Basic Concepts)

• 定义: 主语是动作的接受者，而不是执行者。重点强调动作的承受者。
• 目的:
  • 强调动作本身，而非执行者。
  • 当执行者未知、不重要或不方便提及时。
  • 保持语篇的连贯性，避免频繁使用同一主语。
• 构成:
  • be动词 (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) + 过去分词 (Past Participle)
  • be动词的时态决定整个句子的时态。

II. 时态变化 (Tense Transformations)

• 一般现在时 (Simple Present): am/is/are + 过去分词
  • 主动：They clean the office every day.
  • 被动：The office is cleaned every day.
• 一般过去时 (Simple Past): was/were + 过去分词
  • 主动：She wrote the letter yesterday.
  • 被动：The letter was written yesterday.
• 一般将来时 (Simple Future): will be + 过去分词 / is/am/are going to be + 过去分词
  • 主动：They will build a new hospital next year.
  • 被动：A new hospital will be built next year.
• 现在进行时 (Present Continuous): am/is/are being + 过去分词
  • 主动：They are painting the house now.
  • 被动：The house is being painted now.
• 过去进行时 (Past Continuous): was/were being + 过去分词
  • 主动：They were repairing the road last night.
  • 被动：The road was being repaired last night.
• 现在完成时 (Present Perfect): have/has been + 过去分词
  • 主动：They have finished the project.
  • 被动：The project has been finished.
• 过去完成时 (Past Perfect): had been + 过去分词
  • 主动：They had already cleaned the room before we arrived.
  • 被动：The room had already been cleaned before we arrived.
• 将来完成时 (Future Perfect): will have been + 过去分词
  • 主动：They will have completed the construction by the end of the year.
  • 被动：The construction will have been completed by the end of the year.
• 情态动词 (Modal Verbs): modal verb + be + 过去分词 (can be, should be, must be, etc.)
  • 主动：They can solve the problem easily.
  • 被动：The problem can be solved easily.

III. By 短语 (By Phrase)

• 用法: 引入动作的执行者。
• 何时使用:
  • 当执行者是必要的、重要的信息时。
  • 避免过度使用，特别是当执行者不重要或者显而易见时。
• 省略情况:
  • 执行者未知 (e.g., My wallet was stolen.)
  • 执行者不重要 (e.g., The rules are followed.)
  • 执行者是泛指的人 (e.g., The criminal was arrested.)
  • 执行者显而易见 (e.g., The poem was written by Shakespeare.)
• 示例:
  • The book was written by J.K. Rowling.
  • The cake was eaten by the children.
  • The window was broken (by someone). (省略了，因为不知道是谁)

IV. 常用被动结构 (Common Passive Structures)

• 及物动词 + 宾语: 典型的主动转被动结构。
• 双宾语动词: 两种被动结构:
  • 以间接宾语为主语：He was given a prize.
  • 以直接宾语为主语：A prize was given to him.
• 复合宾语动词: 保持宾语补足语不变。
  • 主动：They elected him president.
  • 被动：He was elected president.
• 带介词的动词短语: 介词仍然要和动词在一起。
  • 主动：They looked after the children.
  • 被动：The children were looked after.
• It is said that…/It is believed that… 等:
  • It is said that he is a millionaire. = He is said to be a millionaire.

V. 被动语态的使用场景 (Usage Scenarios)

• 科技写作: 强调过程和结果，而非执行者。
  • The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions.
  • The results were analyzed statistically.
• 新闻报道: 当罪犯未知或需要保护受害者时。
  • A bank was robbed last night.
  • The victim was taken to the hospital.
• 正式文书: 保持客观和正式的语气。
  • The application will be processed within 24 hours.
  • All documents must be submitted by the deadline.
• 法律文件: 精确描述行动，避免主观臆断。
  • The defendant was found guilty.
  • The contract was signed by both parties.

VI. 注意事项 (Important Notes)

• 并非所有主动句都能转换为被动句: 只有带宾语的及物动词才能转换为被动语态。
• 避免过度使用被动语态: 会使文章显得冗长、模糊，缺乏活力。
• 选择合适的主语: 选择最能体现句子含义的主语。
• 注意语态一致性: 在同一篇文章或段落中，尽量保持语态一致。
• 某些动词习惯用主动表示被动: 例如，“The book sells well.”（这本书很畅销。）
• 某些状态动词没有被动语态: 例如，become, resemble, seem, have (表示拥有).

VII. 练习与巩固 (Practice and Consolidation)

• 主动句改写为被动句练习。
• 判断句子是否适合使用被动语态。
• 修改错误使用被动语态的句子。
• 在写作中主动尝试使用被动语态，并注意上下文语境。
• 分析科技文章、新闻报道中被动语态的使用。