英语动词思维导图

## 《英语动词思维导图》

### 中心主题：英语动词 (English Verbs)

#### I. 动词类型 (Types of Verbs)

*   **A. 实义动词 (Lexical/Main Verbs)**
    *   1.  **及物动词 (Transitive Verbs):**
        *   需要直接宾语 (Require a direct object)
        *   可以转化为被动语态 (Can be made passive)
        *   例子：*buy (bought), eat (ate), make (made), write (wrote), read (read)*
        *   特殊类型：
            *   双及物动词 (Ditransitive Verbs): 需要直接宾语和间接宾语。例子：*give, tell, show, offer, lend*
            *   带宾语补足语的及物动词 (Transitive Verbs with Object Complements): 宾语后需要补足语来补充说明宾语。例子：*consider, make, find, call* (e.g., *I consider him a friend.*)
    *   2.  **不及物动词 (Intransitive Verbs):**
        *   不需要直接宾语 (Do not require a direct object)
        *   不能转化为被动语态 (Cannot be made passive)
        *   例子：*sleep (slept), arrive (arrived), die (died), exist (existed), happen (happened)*
        *   特殊类型：
            *   系动词 (Linking Verbs): 连接主语和表语。例子：*be, become, seem, appear, look, feel, taste, smell, sound*
            *   带介词的不及物动词 (Intransitive Verbs with Prepositions):  动词后必须跟特定的介词才能构成完整意义。例子：*look at, listen to, agree with, depend on*

*   **B. 助动词 (Auxiliary Verbs)**
    *   1.  **主要助动词 (Primary Auxiliary Verbs):**
        *   *be (is, am, are, was, were, being, been)*: 用于构成进行时态和被动语态。
        *   *have (has, had, having)*: 用于构成完成时态。
        *   *do (does, did, doing)*: 用于构成疑问句和否定句，以及加强语气。
    *   2.  **情态动词 (Modal Verbs):**
        *   表示可能性, 能力, 必要性, 义务等情态。
        *   例子：*can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would*
        *   特点：
            *   后面接动词原形 (followed by the base form of the verb).
            *   没有人称和数的变化 (no change for person or number).
            *   可以通过类似 *be able to, have to* 的短语进行功能替代.

#### II. 动词时态 (Verb Tenses)

*   **A. 简单时态 (Simple Tenses)**
    *   1.  **一般现在时 (Simple Present):**
        *   表示习惯性的动作, 普遍真理, 事实。
        *   形式：动词原形 (base form) 或第三人称单数形式 (3rd person singular form).
        *   例子：*I eat, He eats.*
    *   2.  **一般过去时 (Simple Past):**
        *   表示过去发生的动作或状态。
        *   形式：动词过去式 (past form).
        *   例子：*I ate, He ate.*
    *   3.  **一般将来时 (Simple Future):**
        *   表示将来发生的动作或状态。
        *   形式：*will + base form* 或 *be going to + base form*.
        *   例子：*I will eat, He is going to eat.*

*   **B. 进行时态 (Continuous/Progressive Tenses)**
    *   1.  **现在进行时 (Present Continuous):**
        *   表示现在正在进行的动作。
        *   形式：*am/is/are + verb-ing*.
        *   例子：*I am eating, He is eating.*
    *   2.  **过去进行时 (Past Continuous):**
        *   表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
        *   形式：*was/were + verb-ing*.
        *   例子：*I was eating, He was eating.*
    *   3.  **将来进行时 (Future Continuous):**
        *   表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。
        *   形式：*will be + verb-ing*.
        *   例子：*I will be eating, He will be eating.*

*   **C. 完成时态 (Perfect Tenses)**
    *   1.  **现在完成时 (Present Perfect):**
        *   表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，或持续到现在的情况。
        *   形式：*have/has + past participle*.
        *   例子：*I have eaten, He has eaten.*
    *   2.  **过去完成时 (Past Perfect):**
        *   表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作。
        *   形式：*had + past participle*.
        *   例子：*I had eaten, He had eaten.*
    *   3.  **将来完成时 (Future Perfect):**
        *   表示将来某个时间之前将要完成的动作。
        *   形式：*will have + past participle*.
        *   例子：*I will have eaten, He will have eaten.*

*   **D. 完成进行时态 (Perfect Continuous Tenses)**
    *   1.  **现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous):**
        *   表示过去开始并持续到现在，且仍在进行的动作。
        *   形式：*have/has been + verb-ing*.
        *   例子：*I have been eating, He has been eating.*
    *   2.  **过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous):**
        *   表示过去某个时间之前已经开始，并持续到过去某个时间的动作。
        *   形式：*had been + verb-ing*.
        *   例子：*I had been eating, He had been eating.*
    *   3.  **将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous):**
        *   表示将来某个时间之前已经开始，并持续到将来某个时间的动作。
        *   形式：*will have been + verb-ing*.
        *   例子：*I will have been eating, He will have been eating.*

#### III. 动词语态 (Verb Voice)

*   **A. 主动语态 (Active Voice):**
    *   主语是动作的执行者 (The subject performs the action).
    *   例子：*The dog chased the cat.*
*   **B. 被动语态 (Passive Voice):**
    *   主语是动作的承受者 (The subject receives the action).
    *   形式：*be + past participle*.
    *   例子：*The cat was chased by the dog.*
    *   转换规则：
        *   主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
        *   主动语态的谓语动词变为相应的被动语态形式。
        *   主动语态的主语变为被动语态的 *by* 短语 (可以省略).

#### IV. 动词不定式 (Verb Infinitives)

*   **A. 带 to 的不定式 (To-Infinitive):**
    *   形式：*to + base form*.
    *   功能：可以作主语, 表语, 宾语, 定语, 状语。
    *   例子：*To err is human. (主语), My dream is to travel the world. (表语), I want to learn English. (宾语), I need a pen to write with. (定语), I study hard to pass the exam. (状语)*

*   **B. 不带 to 的不定式 (Bare Infinitive):**
    *   形式：动词原形 (base form).
    *   用法：
        *   在情态动词后 (After modal verbs).
            *   例子：*I can speak English.*
        *   在一些感官动词 (sense verbs) 和使役动词 (causative verbs) 后 (after certain sense and causative verbs).
            *   例子：*I saw him leave. (感官动词),  She made him clean the room. (使役动词)*
        *   在 *had better, would rather, would sooner, would as soon* 后 (after certain fixed expressions).
            *   例子：*You had better go now.*

#### V. 动名词 (Gerunds)

*   形式：*verb-ing*
*   功能：
    *   可以作主语, 表语, 宾语。
    *   例子：*Swimming is my favorite sport. (主语), My hobby is reading. (表语), I enjoy reading novels. (宾语)*
*   与现在分词的区别 (Difference from Present Participles):
    *   动名词是名词性的 (Gerunds are noun-like).
    *   现在分词是形容词性的 (Present participles are adjective-like).

#### VI. 分词 (Participles)

*   **A. 现在分词 (Present Participles):**
    *   形式：*verb-ing*
    *   功能：
        *   构成进行时态 (Form continuous tenses).
        *   作定语 (Modify nouns).
            *   例子：*the running water (流动的水)*
        *   作状语 (Modify verbs/clauses).
            *   例子：*Running quickly, he caught the bus. (表示方式),  Feeling tired, I went to bed. (表示原因)*
*   **B. 过去分词 (Past Participles):**
    *   形式：不规则动词查表，规则动词*verb-ed*
    *   功能：
        *   构成完成时态 (Form perfect tenses).
        *   构成被动语态 (Form passive voice).
        *   作定语 (Modify nouns).
            *   例子：*the broken window (破碎的窗户)*
        *   作状语 (Modify verbs/clauses).
            *   例子：*Having finished his work, he went home. (表示时间)*

#### VII. 动词短语 (Phrasal Verbs)

*   构成：动词 + 副词 (verb + adverb) 或 动词 + 介词 (verb + preposition) 或 动词 + 副词 + 介词 (verb + adverb + preposition)
*   意义：通常与单个动词的意义不同 (Often have different meanings than the individual words).
*   可分性 (Separability): 有些可以分开，有些不能。
    *   可分动词短语 (Separable Phrasal Verbs): 宾语可以放在动词和副词之间。
        *   例子：*turn on the light* or *turn the light on*.
    *   不可分动词短语 (Inseparable Phrasal Verbs): 宾语必须放在短语之后。
        *   例子：*look after the baby* (not *look the baby after*).
*   常见动词短语：*look up, get up, take off, put on, give up, find out, run out of*.

#### VIII. 不规则动词 (Irregular Verbs)

*   过去式和过去分词形式不遵循规则 (Past and past participle forms do not follow the rules).
*   需要记忆 (Need to be memorized).
*   常见不规则动词表 (Common Irregular Verb List): *be, have, do, go, see, eat, drink, sleep, wake, write, read, speak, take, give, come, become, find, think, know, understand, etc.*

这幅思维导图提供了一个全面的英语动词概览，涵盖了其类型、时态、语态、非谓语动词以及动词短语等关键方面，为学习者提供了清晰的结构和深入的理解。

《英语动词思维导图》

中心主题：英语动词 (English Verbs)

I. 动词类型 (Types of Verbs)

A. 实义动词 (Lexical/Main Verbs)
- 1. 及物动词 (Transitive Verbs):
    - 需要直接宾语 (Require a direct object)
    - 可以转化为被动语态 (Can be made passive)
    - 例子：buy (bought), eat (ate), make (made), write (wrote), read (read)
    - 特殊类型：
    - 双及物动词 (Ditransitive Verbs): 需要直接宾语和间接宾语。例子：give, tell, show, offer, lend
    - 带宾语补足语的及物动词 (Transitive Verbs with Object Complements): 宾语后需要补足语来补充说明宾语。例子：consider, make, find, call (e.g., I consider him a friend.)
- 1. 不及物动词 (Intransitive Verbs):
    - 不需要直接宾语 (Do not require a direct object)
    - 不能转化为被动语态 (Cannot be made passive)
    - 例子：sleep (slept), arrive (arrived), die (died), exist (existed), happen (happened)
    - 特殊类型：
    - 系动词 (Linking Verbs): 连接主语和表语。例子：be, become, seem, appear, look, feel, taste, smell, sound
    - 带介词的不及物动词 (Intransitive Verbs with Prepositions): 动词后必须跟特定的介词才能构成完整意义。例子：look at, listen to, agree with, depend on
B. 助动词 (Auxiliary Verbs)
- 1. 主要助动词 (Primary Auxiliary Verbs):
    - be (is, am, are, was, were, being, been): 用于构成进行时态和被动语态。
    - have (has, had, having): 用于构成完成时态。
    - do (does, did, doing): 用于构成疑问句和否定句，以及加强语气。
- 1. 情态动词 (Modal Verbs):
    - 表示可能性, 能力, 必要性, 义务等情态。
    - 例子：can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
    - 特点：
    - 后面接动词原形 (followed by the base form of the verb).
    - 没有人称和数的变化 (no change for person or number).
    - 可以通过类似 be able to, have to 的短语进行功能替代.

II. 动词时态 (Verb Tenses)

A. 简单时态 (Simple Tenses)
- 1. 一般现在时 (Simple Present):
    - 表示习惯性的动作, 普遍真理, 事实。
    - 形式：动词原形 (base form) 或第三人称单数形式 (3rd person singular form).
    - 例子：I eat, He eats.
- 1. 一般过去时 (Simple Past):
    - 表示过去发生的动作或状态。
    - 形式：动词过去式 (past form).
    - 例子：I ate, He ate.
- 1. 一般将来时 (Simple Future):
    - 表示将来发生的动作或状态。
    - 形式：will + base form 或 be going to + base form.
    - 例子：I will eat, He is going to eat.
B. 进行时态 (Continuous/Progressive Tenses)
- 1. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous):
    - 表示现在正在进行的动作。
    - 形式：am/is/are + verb-ing.
    - 例子：I am eating, He is eating.
- 1. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous):
    - 表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
    - 形式：was/were + verb-ing.
    - 例子：I was eating, He was eating.
- 1. 将来进行时 (Future Continuous):
    - 表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。
    - 形式：will be + verb-ing.
    - 例子：I will be eating, He will be eating.
C. 完成时态 (Perfect Tenses)
- 1. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect):
    - 表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，或持续到现在的情况。
    - 形式：have/has + past participle.
    - 例子：I have eaten, He has eaten.
- 1. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect):
    - 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作。
    - 形式：had + past participle.
    - 例子：I had eaten, He had eaten.
- 1. 将来完成时 (Future Perfect):
    - 表示将来某个时间之前将要完成的动作。
    - 形式：will have + past participle.
    - 例子：I will have eaten, He will have eaten.
D. 完成进行时态 (Perfect Continuous Tenses)
- 1. 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous):
    - 表示过去开始并持续到现在，且仍在进行的动作。
    - 形式：have/has been + verb-ing.
    - 例子：I have been eating, He has been eating.
- 1. 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous):
    - 表示过去某个时间之前已经开始，并持续到过去某个时间的动作。
    - 形式：had been + verb-ing.
    - 例子：I had been eating, He had been eating.
- 1. 将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous):
    - 表示将来某个时间之前已经开始，并持续到将来某个时间的动作。
    - 形式：will have been + verb-ing.
    - 例子：I will have been eating, He will have been eating.

III. 动词语态 (Verb Voice)

A. 主动语态 (Active Voice):
- 主语是动作的执行者 (The subject performs the action).
- 例子：The dog chased the cat.
B. 被动语态 (Passive Voice):
- 主语是动作的承受者 (The subject receives the action).
- 形式：be + past participle.
- 例子：The cat was chased by the dog.
- 转换规则：
  - 主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
  - 主动语态的谓语动词变为相应的被动语态形式。
  - 主动语态的主语变为被动语态的 by 短语 (可以省略).

IV. 动词不定式 (Verb Infinitives)

A. 带 to 的不定式 (To-Infinitive):
- 形式：to + base form.
- 功能：可以作主语, 表语, 宾语, 定语, 状语。
- 例子：To err is human. (主语), My dream is to travel the world. (表语), I want to learn English. (宾语), I need a pen to write with. (定语), I study hard to pass the exam. (状语)
B. 不带 to 的不定式 (Bare Infinitive):
- 形式：动词原形 (base form).
- 用法：
  - 在情态动词后 (After modal verbs).
    - 例子：I can speak English.
  - 在一些感官动词 (sense verbs) 和使役动词 (causative verbs) 后 (after certain sense and causative verbs).
    - 例子：I saw him leave. (感官动词), She made him clean the room. (使役动词)
  - 在 had better, would rather, would sooner, would as soon 后 (after certain fixed expressions).
    - 例子：You had better go now.

V. 动名词 (Gerunds)

形式：verb-ing
功能：
- 可以作主语, 表语, 宾语。
- 例子：Swimming is my favorite sport. (主语), My hobby is reading. (表语), I enjoy reading novels. (宾语)
与现在分词的区别 (Difference from Present Participles):
- 动名词是名词性的 (Gerunds are noun-like).
- 现在分词是形容词性的 (Present participles are adjective-like).

VI. 分词 (Participles)

A. 现在分词 (Present Participles):
- 形式：verb-ing
- 功能：
  - 构成进行时态 (Form continuous tenses).
  - 作定语 (Modify nouns).
    - 例子：the running water (流动的水)
  - 作状语 (Modify verbs/clauses).
    - 例子：Running quickly, he caught the bus. (表示方式), Feeling tired, I went to bed. (表示原因)
B. 过去分词 (Past Participles):
- 形式：不规则动词查表，规则动词verb-ed
- 功能：
  - 构成完成时态 (Form perfect tenses).
  - 构成被动语态 (Form passive voice).
  - 作定语 (Modify nouns).
    - 例子：the broken window (破碎的窗户)
  - 作状语 (Modify verbs/clauses).
    - 例子：Having finished his work, he went home. (表示时间)

VII. 动词短语 (Phrasal Verbs)

构成：动词 + 副词 (verb + adverb) 或动词 + 介词 (verb + preposition) 或动词 + 副词 + 介词 (verb + adverb + preposition)
意义：通常与单个动词的意义不同 (Often have different meanings than the individual words).
可分性 (Separability): 有些可以分开，有些不能。
- 可分动词短语 (Separable Phrasal Verbs): 宾语可以放在动词和副词之间。
  - 例子：turn on the light or turn the light on.
- 不可分动词短语 (Inseparable Phrasal Verbs): 宾语必须放在短语之后。
  - 例子：look after the baby (not look the baby after).
常见动词短语：look up, get up, take off, put on, give up, find out, run out of.

VIII. 不规则动词 (Irregular Verbs)

过去式和过去分词形式不遵循规则 (Past and past participle forms do not follow the rules).
需要记忆 (Need to be memorized).
常见不规则动词表 (Common Irregular Verb List): be, have, do, go, see, eat, drink, sleep, wake, write, read, speak, take, give, come, become, find, think, know, understand, etc.

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