《八上英语34单元思维导图》

单元3：How do you get to school?

I. Vocabulary & Expressions

• A. Transportation:
  • Bus: 公共汽车
  • Train: 火车
  • Subway/Underground: 地铁
  • Taxi/Cab: 出租车
  • Bike/Bicycle: 自行车
  • Car: 汽车
  • Walk: 步行
  • Ferry: 渡轮
  • Airplane/Plane: 飞机
• B. Adverbs of Frequency (How often):
  • Always: 总是
  • Usually: 通常
  • Often: 经常
  • Sometimes: 有时
  • Hardly ever/Seldom: 很少
  • Never: 从不
• C. Prepositions of Place (Relative to Transportation):
  • By (e.g., by bus, by car): 乘坐
  • On (e.g., on the bus, on the train, on a bike): 在...上
  • In (e.g., in a car, in a taxi): 在...里
• D. Distances:
  • Kilometer (km): 公里
  • Mile: 英里
  • Far: 远
  • Near: 近
• E. Other Useful Words & Phrases:
  • Take (e.g., take the bus, take a train): 乘坐
  • Ride (e.g., ride a bike, ride a horse): 骑
  • Drive (e.g., drive a car): 开车
  • How far: 多远
  • How long: 多久
  • Minute: 分钟
  • Hour: 小时
  • Leave for: 离开去往
  • Get to: 到达
  • Depend on: 取决于
  • Between…and…: 在…和…之间
  • Both…and…: 既…又…
  • Traffic light: 红绿灯
  • Crowded: 拥挤的
  • Fast: 快的
  • Slow: 慢的
  • Cheap: 便宜的
  • Expensive: 贵的
  • Convenient: 方便的
  • Safe: 安全的
  • Comfortable: 舒适的
  • Dangerous: 危险的

II. Grammar

• A. Asking and Answering about Transportation:
  • Question: How do you get to school?
  • Answer: I get to school by bus. / I walk to school.
  • Question: How far is it from your home to school?
  • Answer: It’s about 5 kilometers.
  • Question: How long does it take you to get to school?
  • Answer: It takes me about 20 minutes.
• B. Adverbs of Frequency and Their Placement:
  • Adverbs of frequency usually go before the main verb (except "be" verbs).
  • Example: I usually take the bus. He sometimes walks to school.
  • With "be" verbs (is, are, am, was, were), adverbs of frequency go after the verb.
  • Example: He is always late. They are never on time.
• C. Using "It takes..." to Describe Time:
  • "It takes + someone + time + to do something"
  • Example: It takes me 30 minutes to get to the library.
  • Example: It takes her an hour to finish her homework.

III. Function & Usage

• A. Describing your daily commute: Explaining how you travel to school/work/other places. Using vocabulary related to transportation, distance, and time.
• B. Asking about transportation methods: Inquiring about how others travel and the related details (distance, time, cost).
• C. Expressing preferences for different modes of transportation: Giving reasons for liking or disliking certain transportation methods (e.g., cost, convenience, safety, speed).
• D. Discussing the advantages and disadvantages of various transportation options: Weighing the pros and cons of different methods, considering factors like environmental impact and personal comfort.

IV. Common Mistakes & Tips

• A. Prepositions: Incorrect usage of "by," "on," and "in" with transportation. Remember "by" is general, "on" for surfaces, and "in" for enclosed spaces.
• B. Word Order with Adverbs of Frequency: Remember to place adverbs of frequency in the correct position (before main verbs, after "be" verbs).
• C. Singular vs. Plural: Pay attention to singular and plural nouns, especially when talking about distances (e.g., "It's five kilometers" not "It's five kilometer").
• D. Asking the Right Questions: Use "How far" for distance and "How long" for time duration.
• E. Practice: Practice describing your own commute and asking others about theirs.

单元4：Why do you like koalas?

I. Vocabulary & Expressions

• A. Animals:
  • Koala: 考拉
  • Panda: 熊猫
  • Elephant: 大象
  • Tiger: 老虎
  • Lion: 狮子
  • Monkey: 猴子
  • Dolphin: 海豚
  • Penguin: 企鹅
  • Giraffe: 长颈鹿
  • Zebra: 斑马
• B. Adjectives to Describe Animals/People/Things:
  • Cute: 可爱的
  • Beautiful: 美丽的
  • Interesting: 有趣的
  • Intelligent: 聪明的
  • Friendly: 友好的
  • Shy: 害羞的
  • Outgoing: 外向的
  • Active: 活泼的
  • Lazy: 懒惰的
  • Funny: 有趣的，滑稽的
  • Smart: 聪明的
  • Strong: 强壮的
  • Weak: 虚弱的
  • Gentle: 温柔的
  • Amazing: 令人惊叹的
  • Dangerous: 危险的
• C. Reasons:
  • Because: 因为
  • For example: 例如
  • Reason: 原因
• D. Food & Habitat:
  • Bamboo: 竹子
  • Eucalyptus leaves: 桉树叶
  • Forest: 森林
  • Jungle: 丛林
  • Ocean: 海洋
  • Grassland: 草原
• E. Other Useful Words & Phrases:
  • Most: 大多数
  • Popular: 受欢迎的
  • Protect: 保护
  • Endangered: 濒危的
  • Special: 特别的
  • Australia: 澳大利亚
  • China: 中国
  • Think: 认为
  • Feel: 感觉
  • Believe: 相信
  • Hope: 希望
  • Explain: 解释
  • Important: 重要的
  • Benefit: 益处，好处
  • Keep (e.g., keep pets): 饲养

II. Grammar

• A. Asking and Answering "Why" Questions:
  • Question: Why do you like pandas?
  • Answer: I like pandas because they are cute. Because they are interesting.
• B. Using "Because" to Explain Reasons:
  • "Because" introduces a clause that explains the reason for something. It answers the question "Why?"
  • Example: I study hard because I want to get good grades.
• C. Using "So" to Show Results/Consequences:
  • "So" connects two clauses, showing that one is the result of the other.
  • Example: It was raining, so I took an umbrella.
• D. Using "Like/Love/Hate/Enjoy + -ing form of verb" to Express Preferences:
  • Example: I like playing basketball. She loves singing. They hate doing homework.
• E. Simple Present Tense for General Truths and Facts:
  • Pandas eat bamboo. Koalas live in Australia.

III. Function & Usage

• A. Expressing Opinions and Preferences: Clearly stating what you like and dislike.
• B. Giving Reasons for Your Preferences: Explaining why you like or dislike something, using "because" effectively.
• C. Describing Animals (Physical Appearance & Characteristics): Using adjectives to paint a picture of an animal, including its behavior and habitat.
• D. Discussing Animal Conservation: Talking about why certain animals are endangered and what can be done to protect them.
• E. Talking about Pets: Expressing your opinions about keeping pets and the responsibilities involved.

IV. Common Mistakes & Tips

• A. "Because" and "So": Don't use "because" and "so" together in the same sentence to connect the same two ideas. Choose one or the other. (Incorrect: Because it rained, so I stayed home. Correct: Because it rained, I stayed home. OR It rained, so I stayed home.)
• B. Subject-Verb Agreement: Make sure the verb agrees with the subject, especially in the simple present tense (e.g., He likes pandas, not He like pandas).
• C. Adjective Order: While not a primary focus in this unit, be mindful of adjective order when using multiple adjectives (e.g., a cute little puppy).
• D. Avoiding Overuse of "Because": Try to vary your sentence structure and use other ways to explain reasons (e.g., "The reason I like dolphins is that they are intelligent").
• E. Expanding Vocabulary: Go beyond the basic adjectives and learn more descriptive words to make your descriptions more vivid and engaging.

This detailed mind map provides a comprehensive overview of Units 3 and 4 in the eighth-grade English textbook, covering vocabulary, grammar, function, and common mistakes. It is designed to aid students in understanding and mastering the key concepts of these units.