《How Many How Much 的思维导图》

中心主题： How Many & How Much

I. How Many (可数名词)

A. 定义：

• 含义： 用于询问或描述可以计数的名词的数量。
• 适用对象： 可数名词，包括单数和复数形式。
• 语法结构： How many + 可数名词复数 + 助动词 + 主语 + (动词)?

B. 细分类型：

• 询问数量:
  • Example: How many books are there on the shelf?
  • 引导词特点： 疑问词 "how many" 开头。
  • 答语结构： There are (数量) + (可数名词复数).
• 陈述数量:
  • Example: I have many friends. (使用 many 表数量多)
  • Example: I have a few friends. (使用 a few 表数量少)
  • Example: I have few friends. (使用 few 表几乎没有,带有否定意味)
  • 涉及数量词： many, a few, few, several, a number of, 等.
• 特殊情况：
  • 集体名词 (team, family, class): 视具体情况而定，如果指整体，则用单数形式，如果指个体成员，则用复数形式。 例如：How many people are in your family? Our team has won many games.
  • 一些由两部分组成的名词 (pants, glasses, scissors): 通常视为复数。 Example: How many pairs of pants do you have?

C. 关键点：

• 可数名词的识别： 可以通过是否能直接加复数 -s/-es 来判断。
• 复数形式规则：
  • 规则变化: book -> books, car -> cars
  • 不规则变化: child -> children, man -> men, tooth -> teeth, person -> people
  • 单复数同形: sheep -> sheep, fish -> fish (在特定语境下fish可以变为fishes，表示鱼的种类)
• 替代词：
  • 在非正式语境中，可以部分用 "how much" 代替，但需要避免在正式写作中使用。 比如："How much apples do you have?" (非正式，口语化) 正确： How many apples do you have?
• 练习题:
  • How many __ (student) are there in your class? (students)
  • How many __ (country) are there in the world? (countries)
  • I don't have many __ (sister). (sisters)

II. How Much (不可数名词)

A. 定义：

• 含义： 用于询问或描述无法直接计数的名词的数量或量。
• 适用对象： 不可数名词，通常表示物质、液体、抽象概念等。
• 语法结构： How much + 不可数名词 + 助动词 + 主语 + (动词)?

B. 细分类型：

• 询问数量/量:
  • Example: How much water do you drink every day?
  • 引导词特点： 疑问词 "how much" 开头。
  • 答语结构： I drink (量) + (不可数名词).
• 陈述数量/量:
  • Example: I don't have much time. (使用 much 表数量/量多)
  • Example: I have a little time. (使用 a little 表数量/量少)
  • Example: I have little time. (使用 little 表几乎没有，带有否定意味)
  • 涉及数量词： much, a little, little, a great deal of, a large amount of, 等.
• 与可数名词搭配: 需要借助单位词或其他量词。
  • Example: How much milk do you want? (milk 是不可数名词)
  • Example: How many cartons of milk do you want? (cartons 是可数名词，作为 milk 的单位)
  • 常见单位词/量词: a piece of, a glass of, a cup of, a bottle of, a bag of, a kilo of, a gram of 等.
• 也用于询问价格:
  • Example: How much does this book cost?

C. 关键点：

• 不可数名词的识别： 通常无法直接加复数 -s/-es， 且没有 a/an 的修饰。
• 常见不可数名词：
  • 物质类： water, milk, coffee, tea, sugar, salt, rice, flour, meat, gold, silver, iron
  • 抽象概念类： time, money, information, advice, knowledge, happiness, love, peace
  • 气体类： air, oxygen, nitrogen
  • 其他： furniture, luggage, homework, news
• 单位词的重要性： 单位词使不可数名词可以进行计数和量化。
• 练习题:
  • How much __ (sugar) do you want in your coffee? (sugar)
  • How much __ (money) do you have? (money)
  • I need a little __ (help) with my homework. (help)
  • How many __ (piece) of advice did he give you? (pieces) (注意：advice 本身不可数，要用 "pieces" 来计量)

III. 易混淆点

• money vs. dollar/cent: money 是不可数名词， dollar/cent 是可数名词。
  • How much money do you have?
  • How many dollars do you have?
• news vs. piece of news: news 是不可数名词， piece of news 是可数名词。
  • How much news is there?
  • How many pieces of news did you hear?
• furniture vs. chair/table: furniture 是不可数名词， chair/table 是可数名词。
  • How much furniture is in the room?
  • How many chairs are in the room?
• 练习题:
  • How many __ (cent) do you have? (cents)
  • How much __ (information) did you get? (information)
  • How many __ (table) are there in the classroom? (tables)
  • How much __ (homework) do you have tonight? (homework)

IV. 总结

• How many 用于询问可数名词的数量，需要注意可数名词的复数形式。
• How much 用于询问不可数名词的数量/量，需要注意单位词的使用。
• 理解可数名词和不可数名词的区别是关键。
• 多做练习，区分易混淆点，熟练掌握 "how many" 和 "how much" 的用法。