《代词思维导图》

中心主题：代词

I. 人称代词 (Personal Pronouns)

A. 主格 (Subject Pronouns)

• 定义：充当句子的主语。
• 种类：
  • 单数：I, you, he, she, it
    • 例句： I am a student. He is my friend.
  • 复数：we, you, they
    • 例句： We are going to the park. They are playing basketball.
• 注意：
  • “you” 单复数形式相同，需要根据语境判断。
  • 第三人称单数 he/she/it 的动词需要进行相应变化（例如，动词加 -s 或 -es）。

B. 宾格 (Object Pronouns)

• 定义：充当句子的宾语 (直接宾语、间接宾语、介词宾语)。
• 种类：
  • 单数：me, you, him, her, it
    • 例句： She loves me. I saw him yesterday. Give it to her.
  • 复数：us, you, them
    • 例句： He told us a story. I helped them.
• 注意：
  • 与主格代词对应，用于不同语法位置。
  • 介词后必须使用宾格代词，例如： with me, to them, for us.

C. 形容词性物主代词 (Possessive Adjectives)

• 定义：修饰名词，表示所属关系。
• 种类： my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
  • 例句：This is my book. That is her car. Their house is big.
• 注意：
  • 必须放在名词前。
  • 不具备独立性，不能单独使用。

D. 名词性物主代词 (Possessive Pronouns)

• 定义：本身就是名词，表示所属关系。
• 种类： mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
  • 例句： This book is mine. That car is hers. The house is theirs.
• 注意：
  • 可以单独使用，代替名词短语。
  • 不能修饰名词。
  • “its” 有时也作形容词性物主代词，但一般避免单独使用。

E. 反身代词 (Reflexive Pronouns)

• 定义：动作的执行者和承受者是同一个人。
• 种类： myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
  • 例句： I hurt myself. He blamed himself. They enjoyed themselves.
• 用法：
  • 作宾语：I see myself in the mirror.
  • 作同位语：I myself saw it happen.
  • 表示强调：He did it himself (亲自).
• 注意：
  • 某些不及物动词后不能直接跟反身代词。
  • 常用短语：help yourself (请自便), enjoy yourself (玩得开心)

II. 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns)

A. 单数：this, that

• this：指近处的、指代范围内刚刚提到的人或事物。
  • 例句： This is my pen. This is what I'm talking about.
    • that：指远处的、指代范围内先前提到的人或事物。
  • 例句： That is her car. Remember that day?

    B. 复数：these, those

• these：指近处的复数，是 this 的复数形式。
  • 例句： These are my books.
    • those：指远处的复数，是 that 的复数形式。
  • 例句： Those are her flowers.

    C. 用法：

• 可以作主语、宾语、表语等。
  • 可以与 one/ones 连用，代替可数名词单/复数形式。
    • 例句：I want the blue one, not the red one. I prefer these shoes to those.

III. 疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronouns)

A. who

• 询问人 (主语/宾语)。
  • 例句： Who is there? Who did you see?

    B. whom

• 询问人 (宾语)，正式用法。
  • 例句： Whom did you invite? (更正式)

    C. whose

• 询问所属关系。
  • 例句： Whose book is this?

    D. what

• 询问事物。
  • 例句： What is your name? What did you say?

    E. which

• 询问选择范围。
  • 例句： Which book do you want?

    F. 用法：

• 通常位于句首。
  • 引导特殊疑问句。

IV. 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns)

A. who

• 代替先行词为人的主语。
  • 例句： The man who is talking is my teacher.

    B. whom

• 代替先行词为人的宾语。
  • 例句： The man whom I saw was very tall.

    C. whose

• 代替先行词为人的或物的，表示所属关系。
  • 例句： The girl whose hair is long is my sister. The car whose engine is broken is mine.

    D. which

• 代替先行词为物的主语或宾语。
  • 例句： The book which is on the table is mine. The book which I read was interesting.

    E. that

• 可以代替先行词为人的或物的，作主语或宾语，在非限定性定语从句中通常不用。
  • 例句： The man that I saw was very tall. The book that is on the table is mine.

    F. 用法：

• 引导定语从句。
  • 位于先行词后，起连接作用。
  • 注意与疑问代词区分。

V. 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronouns)

A. 表示数量

• all, some, any, none, many, few, little, much, several
  • 例句： All is well. I have some friends. I have few books.

    B. 表示个体

• one, each, every, other, another
  • 例句： One should be honest. Each student has a book.

    C. 复合不定代词

• someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, something, everything, anything, nothing
  • 例句： Someone is knocking at the door. Everything is ready. I need something to drink.

    D. 用法：

• 可以作主语、宾语、表语等。
  • 注意与可数/不可数名词的搭配。
  • 复合不定代词通常作单数处理。

VI. it 的特殊用法

• 形式主语： It is important to study hard. (真正的主语是 to study hard)
• 形式宾语： I found it difficult to understand the book. (真正的宾语是 to understand the book)
• 表示天气、时间、距离等： It is raining. It is ten o'clock. It is five miles to the city.
• 强调句型： It was he who broke the window.

VII. 代词的指代一致

• 代词的数、性和格要与所指代的名词或代词保持一致。
• 避免指代不清的情况。
• 集体名词作主语时，如果强调整体，用单数代词；如果强调个体，用复数代词。

这个思维导图旨在全面概括英语中各类代词的定义、种类、用法以及注意事项。通过学习和掌握这些知识，可以更好地理解和运用代词，提高英语表达的准确性和流畅性。

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