《连词思维导图》
一、并列连词
1.1 定义
连接两个或多个具有相同语法功能的词、短语或分句的连词。
1.2 分类
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1.2.1 简单并列连词:
and: 表示并列、递进、顺承等。- 例: He likes to read and write. (并列)
- 例: She studied hard, and she passed the exam. (递进)
- 例: He came, and he saw, and he conquered. (顺承)
but: 表示转折、对比。- 例: He is rich, but he is not happy. (转折)
- 例: He is tall, but she is short. (对比)
or: 表示选择。- 例: Do you want tea or coffee?
nor: 表示否定的并列 (通常与neither连用)。- 例: He neither likes tea nor coffee.
for: 表示原因 (较为正式)。- 例: He was absent, for he was ill.
so: 表示结果。- 例: He was tired, so he went to bed.
yet: 表示转折，语气比but弱。- 例: He is young, yet he is wise.
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1.2.2 关联并列连词:
both…and…: 既…又…。- 例: Both my brother and my sister are doctors.
either…or…: 要么…要么…。- 例: Either you come with me, or you stay here.
neither…nor…: 既不…也不…。- 例: Neither he nor she is coming.
not only…but also…: 不仅…而且…。- 例: He is not only intelligent but also hardworking.
as well as: 也，和…一样 (强调前者)。- 例: He speaks English as well as French.
1.3 注意事项
- 并列连词连接的成分在语法功能上必须一致。
for作为并列连词时，前后通常是完整的句子。yet与but都表示转折，但yet语气更弱，也更正式。
二、从属连词
2.1 定义
引导从句，使从句成为主句的一部分的连词。
2.2 分类
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2.2.1 时间状语从句连词:
when: 当…的时候。- 例: When he arrives, we will start the meeting.
while: 当…的时候 (强调同时进行)。- 例: While I was cooking, he was watching TV.
as: 当…的时候 (可以表示伴随)。- 例: As he grew older, he became wiser.
before: 在…之前。- 例: Before you leave, please close the door.
after: 在…之后。- 例: After he finished his work, he went home.
until/till: 直到…为止。- 例: I will wait until you come back.
since: 自从。- 例: Since he left, I haven't seen him.
as soon as: 一…就…。- 例: As soon as he heard the news, he called me.
whenever: 无论何时。- 例: Whenever you need help, just ask.
the moment/the instant/the minute: 一…就…。- 例: The moment he saw her, he fell in love.
no sooner…than…: 刚…就…。 (倒装结构)- 例: No sooner had he arrived than it started to rain.
hardly/scarcely…when…: 刚…就…。 (倒装结构)- 例: Hardly had he sat down when the phone rang.
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2.2.2 地点状语从句连词:
where: 在…地方。- 例: He lives where the air is clean.
wherever: 无论…在哪里。- 例: Wherever you go, I will follow you.
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2.2.3 原因状语从句连词:
because: 因为 (语气最强)。- 例: He was late because he missed the bus.
since: 因为 (语气较弱，较为正式)。- 例: Since you are here, you can help me.
as: 因为 (语气最弱，多用于句首)。- 例: As it was raining, we stayed inside.
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2.2.4 条件状语从句连词:
if: 如果。- 例: If it rains, we will stay home.
unless: 除非 (相当于 if not)。- 例: You won't succeed unless you work hard.
as long as: 只要。- 例: As long as you are happy, I am happy.
provided/providing (that): 假如，如果。- 例: Provided that you study hard, you will pass the exam.
on condition that: 在…条件下。- 例: I will help you on condition that you tell me the truth.
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2.2.5 让步状语从句连词:
though/although: 虽然，尽管。- 例: Although he is poor, he is happy.
even though/even if: 即使。- 例: Even though it rains, I will go.
while: 虽然，尽管 (通常置于句首，语气较弱)。- 例: While I understand your point, I disagree.
as: 虽然，尽管 (倒装结构，将表语或状语提前)。- 例: Child as he is, he knows a lot. (虽然他是个孩子)
- 例: Much as I like the idea, I can't support it. (尽管我喜欢这个主意)
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2.2.6 目的状语从句连词:
so that/in order that: 为了。- 例: He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
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2.2.7 结果状语从句连词:
so…that…: 如此…以至于…。- 例: He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
such…that…: 如此…以至于…。- 例: It was such a good book that I read it twice.
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2.2.8 方式状语从句连词:
as: 像…一样。- 例: Do as I say.
as if/as though: 仿佛，好像。- 例: He looks as if he is ill.
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2.2.9 名词性从句连词:
that: 没有实际意义，只起连接作用。- 例: I know that he is honest. (宾语从句)
whether/if: 是否。- 例: I don't know whether he will come. (宾语从句)
who/whom/whose/which/what/when/where/why/how: 引导各种类型的名词性从句。- 例: Who he is is a mystery. (主语从句)
- 例: I asked him where he lived. (宾语从句)
- 例: The question is how we can solve the problem. (表语从句)
- 例: This is where I met him. (同位语从句)
2.3 注意事项
- 注意时态一致性，特别是时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主将从现。
- 理解不同连词之间的细微差别，选择最合适的连词表达语义。
- 注意倒装结构的使用，尤其是
no sooner…than…和hardly/scarcely…when…。 that引导的宾语从句，在口语中常常可以省略。
三、其他注意事项
- 连词在句子中起着连接作用，理解和掌握连词对于理解句子结构和表达准确含义至关重要。
- 多阅读、多练习，熟悉各种连词的用法，才能灵活运用。
- 注意上下文，根据语境选择合适的连词。
- 某些词语可以作为连词，也可以作为其他词性，注意区分。 例如：
since可以作为时间状语从句连词和原因状语从句连词，也可以作为介词。 - 灵活运用思维导图，构建自己的连词知识体系。