英语名词性从句思维导图
《英语名词性从句思维导图》
一、 概述
- 定义: 在句子中起名词作用的从句,可以充当主语、表语、宾语、同位语、介词宾语等。
- 连接词: 包括引导词和连接副词,根据从句类型选择。
- 语序: 全部采用陈述语序。
- 作用: 使句子结构更复杂,表达更精确。
二、 主语从句
- 定义: 充当主语的从句。
- 位置: 通常位于句首,可用it作形式主语。
- 连接词:
- that:无词义,不省略,但句首可用it代替。
- 例句: That he succeeded surprised everyone. / It surprised everyone that he succeeded.
- whether / if: 引导一般疑问句,表示“是否”。
- 例句: Whether he will come is uncertain. / It is uncertain whether he will come.
- wh-词 (who, what, which, when, where, why, how): 引导特殊疑问句。
- 例句: What he said is not important.
- whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however: 引导让步主语从句。
- 例句: Whoever comes is welcome.
- 形式主语it:
- 常用句型:
- It + be + adj. + that/whether/wh-clause
- 例句: It is important that you study hard.
- It + be + n. + that/whether/wh-clause
- 例句: It is a fact that the earth is round.
- It + verb (seem, appear, happen, occur) + that-clause
- 例句: It seems that he is tired.
- It + be + done + that-clause (常见被动语态动词:said, reported, thought, believed, known, suggested, decided)
- 例句: It is said that he is a doctor.
三、 表语从句
- 定义: 充当表语的从句。
- 位置: 位于系动词之后 (be, seem, look, become, feel, taste, smell, sound)。
- 连接词:
- that: 无词义,不省略。
- 例句: The problem is that I don't have enough time.
- whether / if: 引导一般疑问句,表示“是否”。
- 例句: The question is whether we should go.
- wh-词 (who, what, which, when, where, why, how): 引导特殊疑问句。
- 例句: My question is why he left.
- as if / as though: 引导方式表语从句,表示“好像”。
- 例句: He looks as if he is ill.
- 注意事项:
- 系动词 be 后可接各种名词性从句。
- 系动词 seem, look, become, feel, taste, smell, sound 后也可接表语从句,但相对较少见。
四、 宾语从句
- 定义: 充当宾语的从句。
- 位置: 位于及物动词、介词、非谓语动词 (不定式、动名词、分词) 之后。
- 连接词:
- that: 无词义,通常可以省略 (尤其是think, believe, say, hope等动词后)。
- 例句: I think (that) he is a good student.
- whether / if: 引导一般疑问句,表示“是否”。
- 例句: I don't know whether he will come.
- wh-词 (who, what, which, when, where, why, how): 引导特殊疑问句。
- 例句: I don't know what he said.
- whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however: 引导让步宾语从句。
- 例句: He can marry whoever he wants.
- 位于及物动词后:
- 常见动词: think, believe, say, hope, know, understand, find, see, tell, suggest, decide, explain, show, remember, forget。
- 例句: She told me that she was happy.
- 位于介词后:
- 常见介词: in, on, at, for, to, about, with, without, of, from, before, after, between, by, upon。
- 例句: He is interested in what you said.
- 位于非谓语动词后:
- 不定式: He wants to know what happened.
- 动名词: He insisted on what he believed.
- 分词: Considering what he said, I agree with him.
- 双宾语中的间接宾语从句:
- 句型: S + V + indirect object (clause) + direct object
- 例句: He told me who he was.
五、 同位语从句
- 定义: 对前面的名词进行解释说明,与先行词意义相同。
- 位置: 位于抽象名词后 (fact, idea, news, hope, belief, suggestion, promise, thought, report, statement, possibility, doubt)。
- 连接词:
- that: 无词义,不可省略。
- 例句: The fact that he is rich doesn't make him happy.
- whether: 引导不确定性同位语从句。
- 例句: I have some doubt whether he can succeed.
- wh-词 (what, where, how, why):
- 例句: I have no idea what he wants.
- 与定语从句的区别:
- that引导: 同位语从句中that无词义,不可省略;定语从句中that代替先行词,在从句中作主语或宾语,可以省略。
- 先行词: 同位语从句的先行词是抽象名词,定语从句的先行词是具体名词或代词。
- 完整性: 同位语从句是对先行词内容的补充说明,从句结构完整;定语从句是对先行词的修饰限定,从句缺少主语、宾语、表语等成分。
六、 注意事项
- 时态一致: 主句为过去时,从句一般为过去时态 (客观真理除外)。
- 语序: 所有名词性从句都用陈述语序。
- 引导词的选择: 根据从句表达的意思选择合适的引导词。
- that的省略与否: 宾语从句中that通常可以省略,其他类型从句一般不省略 (主语从句句首可用it代替)。
- 多重从句: 句子中可能出现多个名词性从句,要注意理清结构。
七、 练习与应用
- 句子改写: 将简单句改写成含有名词性从句的复杂句。
- 阅读理解: 分析长难句中的名词性从句结构,理解句子含义。
- 写作: 运用名词性从句使文章表达更精确、更丰富。
- 口语: 在日常对话中灵活运用名词性从句。