《英语介词思维导图》
I. 核心概念:介词的本质
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A. 定义: 连接名词/代词/动名词与句子中其他成分,构成介词短语,表示关系。
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B. 作用: 表达时间、地点、方向、方式、原因、目的、所属等多种含义。
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C. 重要性: 理解和正确使用介词是英语表达精准的关键,影响句意理解和表达的流畅性。
II. 常见介词分类及用法详解
A. 时间介词
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1. at:
- a. 精确时间: at 7 o'clock, at noon, at midnight.
- b. 节日(不指哪天): at Christmas, at Easter.
- c. 人生的阶段: at school, at university, at work.
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2. on:
- a. 日期: on Monday, on July 4th, on my birthday.
- b. 特定的日子/场合: on a hot day, on the bus, on the internet.
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3. in:
- a. 较大的时间单位: in 2023, in July, in the morning/afternoon/evening.
- b. 季节: in summer, in winter.
- c. 世纪/年代: in the 21st century, in the 1990s.
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4. from...to/until: 从...到/直到... (from 9 am to 5 pm; from Monday until Friday)
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5. since: 自从... (since 2000; since I was a child)
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6. for: 持续时间 (for two hours; for a week)
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7. during: 在...期间 (during the meeting; during the holidays)
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8. before: 在...之前 (before dinner; before 8 o'clock)
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9. after: 在...之后 (after lunch; after the show)
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10. by:
- a. 截止到: by tomorrow, by the end of the week.
- b. 在...之前(接近): By the time I arrived, he had already left.
B. 地点介词
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1. at:
- a. 精确地点/位置: at the door, at the bus stop, at the corner.
- b. 特定地址: at 123 Main Street.
- c. 活动场所: at the party, at the concert, at the cinema.
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2. on:
- a. 在...之上(表面): on the table, on the wall, on the floor.
- b. 在...之上(沿着): on the river, on the coast.
- c. 在...(交通工具): on the bus, on the train, on the plane.
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3. in:
- a. 在...里面: in the box, in the room, in the garden.
- b. 在...(国家/城市): in China, in London, in New York.
- c. 在...(地图/图像): in the picture, in the map.
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4. above: 在...之上(不接触) (above the clouds; above the door)
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5. below/under: 在...之下 (below sea level; under the table)
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6. over: 在...之上(覆盖/越过) (over the bridge; over the city)
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7. near/close to: 靠近 (near the school; close to the park)
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8. beside/next to: 在...旁边 (beside the window; next to the door)
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9. between: 在...之间(两者之间) (between the two buildings; between you and me)
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10. among: 在...之间(多者之间) (among the crowd; among the trees)
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11. opposite: 在...对面 (opposite the bank; opposite the library)
C. 方向介词
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1. to: 到... (go to school; travel to Europe)
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2. from: 从... (come from London; arrive from Paris)
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3. into: 进入... (go into the house; jump into the pool)
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4. out of: 从...出来 (get out of the car; come out of the room)
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5. through: 穿过... (walk through the forest; drive through the tunnel)
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6. across: 横跨... (swim across the river; walk across the street)
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7. along: 沿着... (walk along the road; sail along the coast)
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8. around: 围绕... (walk around the park; travel around the world)
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9. towards: 朝...方向 (walk towards the building; move towards the light)
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10. away from: 离开... (move away from the danger; stay away from him)
D. 其他常用介词
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1. of: ...的 (the book of John; a cup of coffee)
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2. for:
- a. 为了...: for you, for the benefit of the company.
- b. 为了...(目的): study for the exam, buy a gift for her.
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3. with:
- a. 和...一起: with my friends, with my family.
- b. 用...: write with a pen, cut with a knife.
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4. without: 没有... (without money, without hesitation)
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5. by:
- a. 被...: the book was written by her.
- b. 通过...方式: by bus, by email.
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6. about: 关于... (talk about the weather; read about history)
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7. because of: 因为... (because of the rain; because of his illness)
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8. despite/in spite of: 尽管... (despite the difficulties; in spite of the cost)
III. 介词短语
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A. 定义: 由介词 + 名词/代词/动名词 构成。
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B. 作用: 在句子中作定语、状语、表语等。
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C. 常见结构:
- 1. 介词 + 名词: on the table, in the garden, at school.
- 2. 介词 + 代词: with me, for him, to them.
- 3. 介词 + 动名词: by studying hard, after eating dinner, before going to bed.
IV. 固定搭配
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A. 重要性: 许多动词、形容词和名词与特定介词形成固定搭配,需要记忆。
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B. 例子:
- 1. 动词 + 介词: listen to, look at, agree with, depend on, apologize for.
- 2. 形容词 + 介词: afraid of, good at, interested in, happy about, different from.
- 3. 名词 + 介词: reason for, example of, solution to, attitude towards, influence on.
V. 介词易错点
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A. 区分相似介词: at/in/on (地点/时间), below/under, over/above, beside/next to.
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B. 避免介词冗余: 不要重复使用介词,注意语言简洁。
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C. 注意语境: 同一个介词在不同语境下可能有不同的含义。
VI. 学习策略
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A. 词汇积累: 掌握常见介词的含义和用法。
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B. 语境学习: 在阅读和听力中学习介词的用法。
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C. 练习: 通过做题和写作练习,巩固介词知识。
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D. 查阅词典: 遇到不确定的介词用法,及时查阅词典。
VII. 总结
掌握英语介词需要理解其核心概念,熟悉常见介词的分类和用法,注意固定搭配和易错点,并进行持续练习。通过系统学习和实践,可以提高英语表达的准确性和流畅性。