《英语从句思维导图》
一、 总览:英语从句的核心概念
英语从句是构成复杂句子的基石,理解和掌握从句对于提升英语阅读理解、写作和口语表达能力至关重要。从句本身也是句子,包含主语和谓语,但不能独立成句,而是作为句子成分存在于主句之中。
- 定义: 从句是在句子中起一定语法作用的成分,不能独立成句,必须依附于主句才能表达完整的意思。
- 作用: 从句在句中可以充当各种成分,如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等。
- 分类: 英语从句主要分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。
二、 名词性从句
名词性从句在句子中起名词的作用,可以充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
2.1 主语从句
- 引导词:
- that: 引导主语从句,通常用 it 作形式主语,将 that 从句置于句末。
- 例:
That he failed the exam
is a pity. (→It
is a pitythat he failed the exam
.)
- 例:
- whether/if: 引导表示“是否”的主语从句,一般用 it 作形式主语。
- 例:
Whether he will come
is uncertain. (→It
is uncertainwhether he will come
.)
- 例:
- wh- 疑问词 (what, who, which, when, where, why, how): 引导特殊疑问句式的主语从句。
- 例:
What he said
is not important.
- 例:
- 复合连接词 (whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however): 引导具有泛指意义的主语从句。
- 例:
Whoever breaks the law
will be punished.
- 例:
- that: 引导主语从句,通常用 it 作形式主语,将 that 从句置于句末。
2.2 宾语从句
- 引导词:
- that: 引导宾语从句,在口语中可以省略。
- 例:I think
that he is right
. (→ I thinkhe is right
.)
- 例:I think
- whether/if: 引导表示“是否”的宾语从句。
- 例:I don't know
whether he will come
.
- 例:I don't know
- wh- 疑问词 (what, who, which, when, where, why, how): 引导特殊疑问句式的宾语从句,注意要使用陈述语序。
- 例:I don't know
where he lives
. (而非 I don't knowwhere does he live
.)
- 例:I don't know
- 复合连接词 (whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however): 引导具有泛指意义的宾语从句。
- 例:I will give the book to
whoever needs it
.
- 例:I will give the book to
- that: 引导宾语从句,在口语中可以省略。
2.3 表语从句
- 引导词:
- that: 引导表语从句,通常不省略。
- 例:The truth is
that he lied to me
.
- 例:The truth is
- whether/if: 引导表示“是否”的表语从句。
- 例:The question is
whether we should go
.
- 例:The question is
- wh- 疑问词 (what, who, which, when, where, why, how): 引导特殊疑问句式的表语从句。
- 例:My question is
how he did it
.
- 例:My question is
- 复合连接词 (whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however): 引导具有泛指意义的表语从句。
- 例:Life is
whatever you make it
.
- 例:Life is
- that: 引导表语从句,通常不省略。
2.4 同位语从句
- 引导词:
- that: 引导同位语从句,对前面的名词进行补充说明,通常跟在抽象名词 (fact, news, idea, suggestion, belief, hope, thought, etc.) 之后。
- 例:The fact
that he is innocent
is undeniable.
- 例:The fact
- wh- 疑问词 (what, who, which, when, where, why, how): 引导同位语从句,较为少见。
- 例:There is some doubt
when the accident happened
.
- 例:There is some doubt
- that: 引导同位语从句,对前面的名词进行补充说明,通常跟在抽象名词 (fact, news, idea, suggestion, belief, hope, thought, etc.) 之后。
三、 形容词性从句 (定语从句)
定语从句用来修饰名词或代词,起形容词的作用。
3.1 关系代词
- who/whom: 指代人,who 作主语,whom 作宾语,whom 可用 who 或 that 替代,作宾语时可以省略。
- 例:The man
who lives next door
is a doctor. (who 作主语) - The woman
whom I met yesterday
is my teacher. (The womanwho I met yesterday
is my teacher.) (The womanI met yesterday
is my teacher.) (whom 作宾语)
- 例:The man
- which: 指代物,作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。
- 例:The book
which is on the desk
is mine. (which 作主语) - The book
which I read yesterday
was very interesting. (The bookI read yesterday
was very interesting.) (which 作宾语)
- 例:The book
- that: 既可以指代人,也可以指代物,作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。通常在下列情况下使用 that:
- 先行词为 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, few, some, any, every, only, last, first, 形容词最高级或几个词连用。
- 例:This is the only book
that I have
.
- whose: 指代人或物,表示所属关系,作定语。
- 例:The boy
whose father is a teacher
is my friend.
- 例:The boy
3.2 关系副词
- when: 指代时间,相当于 "at/in/on which"。
- 例:I'll never forget the day
when I met you
. (→ I'll never forget the dayon which I met you
.)
- 例:I'll never forget the day
- where: 指代地点,相当于 "at/in/to which"。
- 例:This is the house
where I was born
. (→ This is the housein which I was born
.)
- 例:This is the house
- why: 指代原因,相当于 "for which"。
- 例:I don't know the reason
why he is late
. (→ I don't know the reasonfor which he is late
.)
- 例:I don't know the reason
3.3 非限制性定语从句
用逗号与主句隔开,补充说明先行词,不能省略。可以使用 which (指代整个主句) 和 whose,但不能使用 that。
- 例:My father,
who is a teacher
, is very kind. - He failed the exam,
which disappointed his parents
.
四、 副词性从句 (状语从句)
状语从句在句子中起副词的作用,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较等。
- 时间状语从句: when, while, as, before, after, since, until/till, as soon as, whenever, no sooner...than..., hardly...when..., scarcely...when...
- 地点状语从句: where, wherever
- 原因状语从句: because, as, since, for
- 目的状语从句: so that, in order that, lest, in case
- 结果状语从句: so...that..., such...that...
- 条件状语从句: if, unless, as long as, provided that, on condition that, in case
- 让步状语从句: although/though, even if/even though, despite, in spite of, as, while, no matter what/who/how/when/where
- 方式状语从句: as, as if/as though
- 比较状语从句: as...as..., than
五、 注意事项
- 语序: 在名词性从句和状语从句中,引导词后的语序为陈述语序。
- 时态一致: 主句为过去时,从句一般也要用过去时。
- 省略: 在某些情况下,可以省略关系代词或连词,但要注意句子的完整性。
- 混淆辨析: 要注意区分各类从句,尤其是同位语从句和定语从句,以及各类状语从句的引导词。
掌握这些知识点,并结合大量的练习,才能真正理解和运用英语从句,从而提高英语的整体水平。