英语从句思维导图

《英语从句思维导图》

一、 总览:英语从句的核心概念

英语从句是构成复杂句子的基石,理解和掌握从句对于提升英语阅读理解、写作和口语表达能力至关重要。从句本身也是句子,包含主语和谓语,但不能独立成句,而是作为句子成分存在于主句之中。

  • 定义: 从句是在句子中起一定语法作用的成分,不能独立成句,必须依附于主句才能表达完整的意思。
  • 作用: 从句在句中可以充当各种成分,如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等。
  • 分类: 英语从句主要分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。

二、 名词性从句

名词性从句在句子中起名词的作用,可以充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。

2.1 主语从句

  • 引导词:
    • that: 引导主语从句,通常用 it 作形式主语,将 that 从句置于句末。
      • 例:That he failed the exam is a pity. (→ It is a pity that he failed the exam.)
    • whether/if: 引导表示“是否”的主语从句,一般用 it 作形式主语。
      • 例:Whether he will come is uncertain. (→ It is uncertain whether he will come.)
    • wh- 疑问词 (what, who, which, when, where, why, how): 引导特殊疑问句式的主语从句。
      • 例:What he said is not important.
    • 复合连接词 (whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however): 引导具有泛指意义的主语从句。
      • 例:Whoever breaks the law will be punished.

2.2 宾语从句

  • 引导词:
    • that: 引导宾语从句,在口语中可以省略。
      • 例:I think that he is right. (→ I think he is right.)
    • whether/if: 引导表示“是否”的宾语从句。
      • 例:I don't know whether he will come.
    • wh- 疑问词 (what, who, which, when, where, why, how): 引导特殊疑问句式的宾语从句,注意要使用陈述语序。
      • 例:I don't know where he lives. (而非 I don't know where does he live.)
    • 复合连接词 (whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however): 引导具有泛指意义的宾语从句。
      • 例:I will give the book to whoever needs it.

2.3 表语从句

  • 引导词:
    • that: 引导表语从句,通常不省略。
      • 例:The truth is that he lied to me.
    • whether/if: 引导表示“是否”的表语从句。
      • 例:The question is whether we should go.
    • wh- 疑问词 (what, who, which, when, where, why, how): 引导特殊疑问句式的表语从句。
      • 例:My question is how he did it.
    • 复合连接词 (whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however): 引导具有泛指意义的表语从句。
      • 例:Life is whatever you make it.

2.4 同位语从句

  • 引导词:
    • that: 引导同位语从句,对前面的名词进行补充说明,通常跟在抽象名词 (fact, news, idea, suggestion, belief, hope, thought, etc.) 之后。
      • 例:The fact that he is innocent is undeniable.
    • wh- 疑问词 (what, who, which, when, where, why, how): 引导同位语从句,较为少见。
      • 例:There is some doubt when the accident happened.

三、 形容词性从句 (定语从句)

定语从句用来修饰名词或代词,起形容词的作用。

3.1 关系代词

  • who/whom: 指代人,who 作主语,whom 作宾语,whom 可用 who 或 that 替代,作宾语时可以省略。
    • 例:The man who lives next door is a doctor. (who 作主语)
    • The woman whom I met yesterday is my teacher. (The woman who I met yesterday is my teacher.) (The woman I met yesterday is my teacher.) (whom 作宾语)
  • which: 指代物,作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。
    • 例:The book which is on the desk is mine. (which 作主语)
    • The book which I read yesterday was very interesting. (The book I read yesterday was very interesting.) (which 作宾语)
  • that: 既可以指代人,也可以指代物,作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。通常在下列情况下使用 that:
    • 先行词为 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, few, some, any, every, only, last, first, 形容词最高级或几个词连用。
    • 例:This is the only book that I have.
  • whose: 指代人或物,表示所属关系,作定语。
    • 例:The boy whose father is a teacher is my friend.

3.2 关系副词

  • when: 指代时间,相当于 "at/in/on which"。
    • 例:I'll never forget the day when I met you. (→ I'll never forget the day on which I met you.)
  • where: 指代地点,相当于 "at/in/to which"。
    • 例:This is the house where I was born. (→ This is the house in which I was born.)
  • why: 指代原因,相当于 "for which"。
    • 例:I don't know the reason why he is late. (→ I don't know the reason for which he is late.)

3.3 非限制性定语从句

用逗号与主句隔开,补充说明先行词,不能省略。可以使用 which (指代整个主句) 和 whose,但不能使用 that。

  • 例:My father, who is a teacher, is very kind.
  • He failed the exam, which disappointed his parents.

四、 副词性从句 (状语从句)

状语从句在句子中起副词的作用,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较等。

  • 时间状语从句: when, while, as, before, after, since, until/till, as soon as, whenever, no sooner...than..., hardly...when..., scarcely...when...
  • 地点状语从句: where, wherever
  • 原因状语从句: because, as, since, for
  • 目的状语从句: so that, in order that, lest, in case
  • 结果状语从句: so...that..., such...that...
  • 条件状语从句: if, unless, as long as, provided that, on condition that, in case
  • 让步状语从句: although/though, even if/even though, despite, in spite of, as, while, no matter what/who/how/when/where
  • 方式状语从句: as, as if/as though
  • 比较状语从句: as...as..., than

五、 注意事项

  • 语序: 在名词性从句和状语从句中,引导词后的语序为陈述语序。
  • 时态一致: 主句为过去时,从句一般也要用过去时。
  • 省略: 在某些情况下,可以省略关系代词或连词,但要注意句子的完整性。
  • 混淆辨析: 要注意区分各类从句,尤其是同位语从句和定语从句,以及各类状语从句的引导词。

掌握这些知识点,并结合大量的练习,才能真正理解和运用英语从句,从而提高英语的整体水平。

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