《九年级上册英语第二单元思维导图画》

中心主题：Unit 2: I Used to Be Afraid of the Dark

I. Vocabulary (词汇)

• A. States (状态)

  • Used to: 过去常常，过去习惯
    • Examples: used to live, used to play, used to eat
    • Structure: used to do sth., didn't use to do sth., Did you use to do sth.?
  • Afraid (害怕的)
    • Afraid of: 害怕...
    • Feel afraid: 感到害怕
    • Synonyms: scared, frightened
  • Shy (害羞的)
    • Shy person: 害羞的人
    • Feel shy: 感到害羞
    • Overcome shyness: 克服害羞
  • Outgoing (外向的)
    • Outgoing personality: 外向的性格
    • Opposite: Introverted (内向的)
  • Quiet (安静的)
    • Keep quiet: 保持安静
    • Quiet place: 安静的地方
  • Serious (严肃的)
    • Serious expression: 严肃的表情
    • Serious about: 认真对待...
  • Funny (有趣的)
    • Funny story: 有趣的故事
    • Funny person: 有趣的人
  • Different (不同的)
    • Different from: 和...不同
    • Make a difference: 产生影响

• B. Activities (活动)

  • Climb trees (爬树)
    • Climb a mountain: 爬山
    • Climb up: 向上爬
  • Fight (打架)
    • Fight with: 与...打架
    • Fight for: 为...而战
  • Play jokes on (捉弄)
    • Play a joke: 开玩笑
  • Get into trouble (惹麻烦)
    • Avoid trouble: 避免麻烦
  • Cry (哭泣)
    • Cry loudly: 大声哭泣
    • Cry for help: 呼救
  • Make friends (交朋友)
    • Good friends: 好朋友
    • Be friends with: 与...成为朋友

• C. Adjectives & Adverbs (形容词&副词)

  • Really (真的，非常)
    • Really good: 真的很好
    • Really happy: 非常高兴
  • Pretty (相当，漂亮)
    • Pretty good: 相当好
    • Pretty girl: 漂亮的女孩
  • Quite (相当)
    • Quite different: 相当不同
  • Suddenly (突然地)
    • Suddenly appear: 突然出现
  • Often (经常)
    • Often go to: 经常去
  • Always (总是)
    • Always be on time: 总是准时
  • Never (从不)
    • Never give up: 永不放弃

II. Grammar (语法)

• A. Past Simple Tense (一般过去时)

  • Form: Subject + Verb (past form) + Object/Adverbial
    • Regular verbs: Verb + -ed (e.g., played, watched)
    • Irregular verbs: Different past forms (e.g., go - went, see - saw)
  • Use: Actions completed in the past. Specific time or implied time.
  • Signal Words: yesterday, last week/month/year, ago, in 2000
  • Examples: I played football yesterday. She went to the cinema last week.

• B. Used to (过去常常)

  • Form: Subject + used to + Verb (base form)
  • Use: Describe past habits or states that are no longer true.
  • Negative Form: Subject + didn't use to + Verb (base form)
  • Interrogative Form: Did + Subject + use to + Verb (base form)?
  • Examples: I used to be shy. She didn't use to like vegetables. Did you use to play the piano?

• C. Comparisons (比较)

  • Comparative adjectives: -er / more + adjective
    • e.g., taller, bigger, more interesting
  • Superlative adjectives: -est / most + adjective
    • e.g., tallest, biggest, most interesting
  • Examples: He is taller than me. This is the biggest apple. This book is more interesting than that one.

III. Functions (功能)

• A. Talking about past habits and states (谈论过去的习惯和状态)

  • Using "used to" to express changes.
  • Examples: "I used to be quiet, but now I am more outgoing." "She didn't use to like sports, but now she loves running."

• B. Describing changes (描述变化)

  • Comparing past and present.
  • Using comparative adjectives to show degree of change.
  • Examples: "He is much more confident now." "She has become more independent."

• C. Asking about past experiences (询问过去的经历)

  • Using "Did you use to...?" questions.
  • Examples: "Did you use to live here?" "Did you use to play any sports?"

IV. Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)

• A. Identifying main ideas (识别主要思想)

  • Focus on the first and last sentences of paragraphs.
  • Look for repeated words or phrases.

• B. Understanding details (理解细节)

  • Read carefully and pay attention to specific information.
  • Identify key words and phrases.

• C. Making inferences (进行推断)

  • Use context clues to understand what is not directly stated.
  • Draw conclusions based on the information provided.

V. Writing (写作)

• A. Writing a paragraph about changes (写一段关于变化的段落)

  • Start with a topic sentence.
  • Use "used to" to describe past habits or states.
  • Use comparative adjectives to describe changes.
  • Provide specific examples to support your statements.

• B. Writing a short story about the past (写一个关于过去的小故事)

  • Set the scene (time, place, characters).
  • Use past simple tense to describe events.
  • Use "used to" to describe past habits or states.
  • Include details that make the story interesting and engaging.

VI. Culture Notes (文化笔记)

• A. Discussing how cultures change over time (讨论文化如何随时间变化)
  • Food, music, fashion, customs, and technology are all examples.
• B. Understanding differences between generations (理解代际差异)
  • Explore how people's experiences shape their perspectives.

This mind map provides a comprehensive overview of the key elements covered in Unit 2 of the ninth-grade English textbook. It includes vocabulary, grammar, functions, reading comprehension, writing, and cultural notes, offering a structured way to review and understand the material.