《高中定语从句思维导图》
I. 定语从句总览 (Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses)
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A. 定义 (Definition)
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- 修饰名词或代词的从句
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- 在复合句中作定语成分
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B. 分类 (Classification)
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- 限定性定语从句 (Defining/Restrictive Relative Clauses)
- a. 重要信息,不可省略,去掉会影响句子含义
- b. 与先行词紧密连接,无需逗号分隔
- 限定性定语从句 (Defining/Restrictive Relative Clauses)
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- 非限定性定语从句 (Non-Defining/Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses)
- a. 补充信息,可省略,去掉不影响句子核心含义
- b. 与先行词用逗号分隔
- 非限定性定语从句 (Non-Defining/Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses)
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II. 引导词 (Relative Pronouns and Adverbs)
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A. 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns)
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- who
- a. 指代人,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语
- b. 例:The man who is speaking is my teacher.
- who
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- whom
- a. 指代人,在从句中作宾语(通常可以被who代替)
- b. 例:The man whom I met yesterday is a doctor.
- whom
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- whose
- a. 指代人或物,表示所有格
- b. 例:The girl whose bag was stolen reported the crime.
- whose
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- which
- a. 指代物,在从句中作主语或宾语
- b. 例:The book which I read was very interesting.
- which
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- that
- a. 既可以指代人,也可以指代物,在限定性定语从句中作主语或宾语
- b. 例:The car that he bought is very expensive.
- c. 注意:以下情况通常用that
- i. 先行词被 all, every, no, little, few, much 修饰
- ii. 先行词被最高级、序数词修饰
- iii. 先行词为疑问代词 who, which
- iv. 先行词同时包含人与物
- v. 句型:there be... + 先行词 + that...
- that
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- as
- a. 可以引导非限定性定语从句,通常放在such, same 之后
- b. 例:Such students as like English can join the club.
- c. as引导的非限定性定语从句可以置于句首
- d. 例:As is known to all, honesty is the best policy.
- as
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B. 关系副词 (Relative Adverbs)
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- where
- a. 指代地点,在从句中作地点状语
- b. 例:The city where I grew up is very beautiful.
- where
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- when
- a. 指代时间,在从句中作时间状语
- b. 例:The day when I graduated was very memorable.
- when
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- why
- a. 指代原因,在从句中作原因状语
- b. 例:The reason why he was late is unknown.
- why
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III. 连接词的选择 (Choosing the Right Relative Pronoun/Adverb)
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A. 先行词判断 (Identify the Antecedent)
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- 判断先行词是人还是物
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- 判断先行词指代地点、时间或原因
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B. 从句成分分析 (Analyze the Clause Role)
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- 判断引导词在从句中作什么成分 (主语, 宾语, 定语, 状语)
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C. 是否有限定 (Defining or Non-Defining)
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- 判断从句是否为必要的限定信息
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- 非限定性定语从句只能用which, who, whom, whose, where, when, as,不能用that
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D. 特殊句型 (Special Structures)
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- "介词 + 关系代词" 结构: 介词的选择取决于先行词和从句的动词/形容词搭配
- a. 例:The house in which he lives is very old. (= The house where he lives is very old.)
- "介词 + 关系代词" 结构: 介词的选择取决于先行词和从句的动词/形容词搭配
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- "the way + that/in which/省略" 结构
- a. 例:The way that he speaks is very interesting.
- "the way + that/in which/省略" 结构
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IV. 定语从句的省略 (Omission of Relative Pronouns)
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A. 可以省略的情况
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- 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语时
- a. 例:The book I bought yesterday is very interesting. (省略了which/that)
- 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语时
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- 关系代词作表语, 但先行词指人的时候, 可以省略, 但是that不能省略
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- 引导词在从句中作宾语,前面有介词时,不能省略引导词,但是可以将介词提前到关系代词之前,此时关系代词也不能省略。
- a. 例:The person to whom I spoke was very helpful. 不能说:The person to I spoke was very helpful.
- 引导词在从句中作宾语,前面有介词时,不能省略引导词,但是可以将介词提前到关系代词之前,此时关系代词也不能省略。
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B. 不可以省略的情况
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- 关系代词在从句中作主语时
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- 关系代词前有介词时
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- 非限定性定语从句中
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V. 易错点 (Common Mistakes)
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A. that与which的混淆
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- 非限定性定语从句不能用that
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- 一些特殊情况下必须用that (参照上面)
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B. 介词遗漏或错用
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- 注意固定搭配
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- 将介词提前到关系代词前时,注意语序
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C. 先行词与引导词不一致
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- 注意引导词的指代对象
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- 所有格引导词 whose 要注意逻辑关系
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D. 引导词的省略规则不清晰
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- 牢记省略条件
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VI. 练习与巩固 (Practice and Consolidation)
- A. 完成句子练习 (Sentence Completion)
- B. 改错练习 (Error Correction)
- C. 翻译练习 (Translation Exercises)
- D. 阅读理解 (Reading Comprehension)
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- 分析句子结构,找出定语从句及其修饰对象
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通过此思维导图,可以系统地掌握高中定语从句的知识点,并能够有效地解决实际问题。希望能够帮助你更好地理解和运用定语从句。