《定语从句思维导图高中》

一、定语从句概述

1.1 定义

• 在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句。
• 其作用相当于形容词，故称为定语从句。

1.2 构成要素

• 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
• 关系词：连接先行词和定语从句，并在从句中充当成分。
  • 关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose
  • 关系副词：when, where, why

1.3 位置

• 通常紧跟在先行词之后。
• 若先行词被其他成分分割，定语从句也会随之移动，尽量靠近先行词。

1.4 分类

• 限制性定语从句：对先行词起限制作用，去掉后句意不完整，不能省略，不需要逗号隔开。
• 非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明作用，去掉后句意完整，可以省略，需要用逗号隔开。

二、关系代词

2.1 who

• 指代人，在从句中作主语或宾语（作宾语时可省略，但口语中常用 whom）。
• 例：The man who is talking to her is my teacher. (作主语)
• 例：The woman whom I saw yesterday is a doctor. (作宾语，可省略 whom)

2.2 whom

• 指代人，在从句中作宾语，通常在正式场合使用，口语中常用 who 或 that，或者直接省略。
• 介词后只能用 whom。
• 例：The person to whom I gave the book is my friend.

2.3 which

• 指代物，在从句中作主语或宾语。
• 例：The book which is on the table is mine. (作主语)
• 例：The car which I bought yesterday is very expensive. (作宾语，可省略 which)

2.4 that

• 可以指代人或物，在限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
• 以下情况通常使用 that：
  • 先行词是 all, everything, something, anything, nothing, little, few, much, only, the very, the same, the last等不定代词或被这些词修饰时。
  • 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
  • 在疑问句中。
  • 先行词同时指人和物时。
• 例：Everything that I have is yours.
• 例：He is the first person that came to my party.

2.5 whose

• 指代人或物，在从句中作定语，表示所属关系。
• 相当于 "of which/whom"。
• 例：The girl whose hair is long is my sister.
• 例：The car whose engine is broken is being repaired.

三、关系副词

3.1 when

• 指代时间，在从句中作时间状语。
• 相当于 "in/on/at which"。
• 例：I remember the day when we first met. ( = I remember the day on which we first met.)

3.2 where

• 指代地点，在从句中作地点状语。
• 相当于 "in/at/on which"。
• 例：This is the house where I grew up. ( = This is the house in which I grew up.)

3.3 why

• 指代原因，在从句中作原因状语。
• 相当于 "for which"。
• 例：I don't know the reason why he left. ( = I don't know the reason for which he left.)

四、特殊定语从句

4.1 as 引导的非限制性定语从句

• 可以指代整个主句的内容，通常放在主句之后。
• 常见结构：as is known to all, as is reported, as I expected, as we can see, as has been mentioned.
• 例：He failed the exam, as I expected.

4.2 介词 + 关系代词

• 介词的选择取决于先行词和从句的谓语动词之间的关系。
• 介词不能省略，通常放在关系代词之前。
• 例：This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.

4.3 定语从句的省略

• 当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略。
• 当定语从句中的谓语动词是 be 动词，且关系代词作主语时，关系代词和 be 动词可以同时省略。
• 例：The book I bought yesterday is very interesting. (省略 that/which)
• 例：The man standing there is my brother. (省略 who is)

五、定语从句练习

5.1 选择填空

1. The city __ I spent my childhood is very beautiful. (where/which)
2. He is the only student __ can answer this question. (who/that)
3. The reason __ he was late is unknown. (why/which)

5.2 改写句子，使用定语从句

1. This is a book. I bought it yesterday.
2. She is a teacher. She teaches English.
3. That is the place. I met her there.

六、总结

• 掌握定语从句的构成要素和分类。
• 熟练运用关系代词和关系副词。
• 注意特殊定语从句的用法。
• 通过练习巩固所学知识。

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