《高中语法思维导图》
I. 词法 (Morphology)
1. 名词 (Noun)
* **定义:** 表示人、事物、地点、概念的词。
* **分类:**
* **专有名词 (Proper Noun):** 特定的、独一无二的。 (e.g., Beijing, Tom)
* **普通名词 (Common Noun):** 泛指一类人或事物。
* **可数名词 (Countable Noun):** 可以计数。
* **单数 (Singular):** 一 个 (e.g., book)
* **复数 (Plural):** 多个 (e.g., books, children)
* **规则复数:** 加 -s, -es
* **不规则复数:** 词形变化 (e.g., man-men, child-children)
* **不可数名词 (Uncountable Noun):** 不可直接计数。
* **物质名词 (Material Noun):** 物质 (e.g., water, milk)
* **抽象名词 (Abstract Noun):** 情感、概念 (e.g., love, freedom)
* **集体名词 (Collective Noun):** 表示一群人或事物作为一个整体。 (e.g., team, family)
* **用法:**
* 主语 (Subject)
* 宾语 (Object)
* 表语 (Predicate Nominative)
* 定语 (Attribute)
* 同位语 (Appositive)
2. 代词 (Pronoun)
* **定义:** 代替名词或起名词作用的词。
* **分类:**
* **人称代词 (Personal Pronoun):** I, you, he, she, it, we, they
* **主格 (Subjective Case):** I, you, he, she, it, we, they
* **宾格 (Objective Case):** me, you, him, her, it, us, them
* **所有格 (Possessive Case):** my, your, his, her, its, our, their
* **形容词性物主代词:** my book, your car
* **名词性物主代词:** mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs (e.g., This book is mine.)
* **物主代词 (Possessive Pronoun):** mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
* **指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronoun):** this, that, these, those
* **疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronoun):** who, whom, whose, what, which
* **关系代词 (Relative Pronoun):** who, whom, whose, that, which, as
* **反身代词 (Reflexive Pronoun):** myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
* **相互代词 (Reciprocal Pronoun):** each other, one another
* **不定代词 (Indefinite Pronoun):** some, any, no, every + -body, -one, -thing; other, another, all, both, few, many, little, much, etc.
3. 动词 (Verb)
* **定义:** 表示动作或状态的词。
* **分类:**
* **实义动词 (Notional Verb):** 有实际意义的动词。
* **及物动词 (Transitive Verb):** 后面必须跟宾语。
* **不及物动词 (Intransitive Verb):** 后面不跟宾语。
* **系动词 (Linking Verb):** 连接主语和表语,表示主语的状态或特征。 (e.g., be, become, seem, look, feel, taste, smell, sound)
* **助动词 (Auxiliary Verb):** 辅助实义动词构成时态、语态、语气。 (e.g., be, do, have, shall, will, should, would)
* **情态动词 (Modal Verb):** 表示可能性、能力、必要性、允许等。 (e.g., can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would)
* **时态 (Tense):**
* 一般现在时 (Simple Present)
* 一般过去时 (Simple Past)
* 一般将来时 (Simple Future)
* 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)
* 过去进行时 (Past Continuous)
* 将来进行时 (Future Continuous)
* 现在完成时 (Present Perfect)
* 过去完成时 (Past Perfect)
* 将来完成时 (Future Perfect)
* 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous)
* **语态 (Voice):**
* 主动语态 (Active Voice)
* 被动语态 (Passive Voice): be + 过去分词 (past participle)
* **非谓语动词 (Non-finite Verb):**
* **不定式 (Infinitive):** to + 动词原形
* **动名词 (Gerund):** 动词 + -ing
* **分词 (Participle):**
* 现在分词 (Present Participle): 动词 + -ing
* 过去分词 (Past Participle): 规则动词 + -ed, 不规则动词需要记忆
4. 形容词 (Adjective)
* **定义:** 修饰名词或代词,表示其性质、特征、状态。
* **用法:**
* **定语 (Attribute):** 修饰名词 (e.g., a beautiful flower)
* **表语 (Predicate Adjective):** 在系动词后 (e.g., The flower is beautiful.)
* **补语 (Complement):**
* 宾语补足语 (Object Complement): I find the flower beautiful.
* 主语补足语 (Subject Complement)
5. 副词 (Adverb)
* **定义:** 修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。
* **分类:**
* **时间副词 (Adverb of Time):** now, then, yesterday, tomorrow, soon
* **地点副词 (Adverb of Place):** here, there, everywhere, nowhere
* **方式副词 (Adverb of Manner):** quickly, slowly, carefully
* **程度副词 (Adverb of Degree):** very, quite, extremely, rather
* **频率副词 (Adverb of Frequency):** always, often, sometimes, seldom, never
* **用法:**
* 修饰动词: He runs quickly.
* 修饰形容词: It's very hot.
* 修饰副词: He runs very quickly.
* 修饰整个句子: Fortunately, we arrived on time.
6. 介词 (Preposition)
* **定义:** 表示名词或代词与句中其他成分的关系。
* **常见介词:** in, on, at, to, for, from, with, by, about, of, between, among, under, over, above, before, after
* **介词短语 (Prepositional Phrase):** 介词 + 名词/代词 (充当形容词或副词)
7. 连词 (Conjunction)
* **定义:** 连接词、短语或句子的词。
* **分类:**
* **并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunction):** and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet
* **从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunction):** when, while, if, because, although, that, as, since, until, before, after, where, whether, so that
8. 感叹词 (Interjection)
* **定义:** 表示说话时的感情或语气的词。 (e.g., Oh! Ah! Wow! Oops!)
II. 句法 (Syntax)
1. 句子成分 (Sentence Elements)
* **主语 (Subject):** 动作的执行者或描述的对象。
* **谓语 (Predicate):** 说明主语的动作或状态。
* **宾语 (Object):** 动作的承受者。
* **直接宾语 (Direct Object):** 直接承受动作。
* **间接宾语 (Indirect Object):** 间接承受动作,通常位于直接宾语之前。
* **表语 (Predicate Nominative/Adjective):** 说明主语的身份、特征或状态,位于系动词之后。
* **定语 (Attribute):** 修饰名词或代词。
* **状语 (Adverbial):** 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
* **补语 (Complement):** 补充说明主语或宾语。
2. 句子类型 (Sentence Types)
* **简单句 (Simple Sentence):** 只有一个主谓结构。
* **并列句 (Compound Sentence):** 由两个或多个简单句用并列连词连接而成。
* **复合句 (Complex Sentence):** 包含一个主句和一个或多个从句。
* **名词性从句 (Noun Clause):** 在句子中充当名词成分 (主语、宾语、表语、同位语)。
* **定语从句 (Attributive Clause/Relative Clause):** 修饰名词或代词,由关系代词或关系副词引导。
* **状语从句 (Adverbial Clause):** 充当状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
3. 特殊句型 (Special Sentence Structures)
* **倒装句 (Inversion):** 将句子中的某些成分倒置。
* **强调句 (Cleft Sentence):** 用 "It is/was ... that/who ..." 结构来强调某个部分。
* **祈使句 (Imperative Sentence):** 表示命令、请求、劝告。
* **感叹句 (Exclamatory Sentence):** 表示强烈的感情。
* **There be 句型:** 表示存在。