《人教版八年级上册英语第五单元思维导图》

中心主题： Unit 5. When was he born?

I. 功能意念 (Functions)

• A.询问和告知出生日期 (Asking and telling about birth dates)

  • 问题句型：
    • When were you born?
    • When was he/she born?
    • What's your/his/her date of birth?
    • Can you tell me when he/she was born?
  • 回答句型：
    • I was born in… (year, month).
    • He/She was born on… (date, month).
    • My/His/Her date of birth is… (date, month, year).
    • He/She was born in the year of the… (animal).

• B. 谈论人物和他们的成就 (Talking about people and their achievements)

  • 常用句型：
    • He/She is famous for…
    • He/She made great contributions to…
    • He/She invented/discovered…
    • He/She wrote…
    • He/She is known as…
    • He/She is considered…
  • 描述词汇：
    • Great, important, successful, talented, clever, smart, famous, popular, etc.
    • Hard-working, dedicated, brave, kind, etc.
  • 成就示例：
    • Invented the telephone/light bulb/computer…
    • Discovered penicillin/the laws of gravity…
    • Wrote many famous books/songs/poems…
    • Made significant contributions to science/art/literature…

II. 语法 (Grammar)

• A. 一般过去时 (Past Simple Tense)

  • 规则动词：动词原形 + -ed (studied, played, watched)
    • 特殊情况：以e结尾加d, 以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i加ed, 重读闭音节，末尾字母双写加ed。
  • 不规则动词：需要记忆，如：be (was/were), go (went), see (saw), have (had), do (did), eat (ate), etc.
  • 肯定句：Subject + Verb (past form) + Object/Complement.
  • 否定句：Subject + did + not + Verb (base form) + Object/Complement. (didn't)
  • 一般疑问句：Did + Subject + Verb (base form) + Object/Complement?
  • 特殊疑问句：Question Word + did + Subject + Verb (base form) + Object/Complement?
  • 常见时间状语：yesterday, last night/week/month/year, ago (two days ago), in 1990, etc.

• B. 动词的过去式变化规则 (Past form rules of verbs)

  • 规则变化：
    • 一般情况下直接加 -ed (work -> worked, play -> played)
    • 以不发音的e结尾，只加 -d (live -> lived, use -> used)
    • 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾，先把y改为i，再加 -ed (study -> studied, try -> tried)
    • 重读闭音节且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写末尾辅音字母，再加 -ed (stop -> stopped, plan -> planned)
  • 不规则变化： 需要记忆 (see -> saw, go -> went, eat -> ate, do -> did, have -> had, etc.)

III. 词汇 (Vocabulary)

• A. 核心词汇 (Core Vocabulary)

  • born, date, month, year, famous, important, successful, write, scientist, writer, artist, painter, musician, leader, inventor, discover, contribute, contribution, country, celebrate, celebrate, festival, etc. (以及课文中出现的其他重要词汇)

• B. 短语 (Phrases)

  • be born in…, be famous for…, make contributions to…, be known as…, be considered as…, date of birth, year of the dog, etc. (以及课文中出现的其他重要短语)

• C. 日期表达 (Dates)

  • 月份：January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.
  • 日期：first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd), fourth (4th), fifth (5th)… twentieth (20th), twenty-first (21st), etc.

IV. 文化背景 (Cultural Background)

• A. 生肖 (Chinese Zodiac)

  • 鼠 (Rat), 牛 (Ox), 虎 (Tiger), 兔 (Rabbit), 龙 (Dragon), 蛇 (Snake), 马 (Horse), 羊 (Goat/Sheep), 猴 (Monkey), 鸡 (Rooster), 狗 (Dog), 猪 (Pig).
  • 了解生肖的顺序和代表意义。

• B. 名人 (Famous People)

  • 课文中涉及的名人及其主要成就。 (例如：Bill Gates, Marie Curie, Shakespeare, etc.)
  • 鼓励学生课外阅读，了解更多不同领域的名人。

V. 听力练习 (Listening Practice)

• A. 听音辨别日期 (Distinguishing dates)
• B. 听音填空，补充句子信息 (Completing sentences with information)
• C. 听对话，回答问题 (Answering questions based on dialogues)
• D. 听短文，概括主要内容 (Summarizing the main idea of short passages)

VI. 阅读理解 (Reading Comprehension)

• A. 掌握阅读技巧 (Reading skills)

  • 略读 (Skimming): 快速浏览文章，了解文章的主题和结构。
  • 精读 (Scanning): 快速查找文章中的特定信息。
  • 理解文章中的关键词和关键句。
  • 推断文章中隐含的意义。

• B. 阅读材料类型 (Types of reading materials)

  • 传记 (Biographies)
  • 新闻报道 (News reports)
  • 日记 (Diaries)
  • 访谈 (Interviews)

VII. 写作 (Writing)

• A. 写作练习 (Writing practice)

  • 写一篇关于自己或他人的生日的文章。
  • 写一篇关于某个名人的短文，介绍他的生平和成就。
  • 写一封邀请函，邀请朋友参加生日聚会。

• B. 写作技巧 (Writing skills)

  • 使用正确的时态 (一般过去时)。
  • 组织文章结构，例如：开头，正文，结尾。
  • 使用过渡词，使文章更加流畅 (e.g., and, but, so, because, then, also, however, etc.).
  • 注意语法和拼写错误。

VIII. 语音 (Pronunciation)

• A. -ed 的发音 (Pronunciation of -ed)

  • /t/: 动词词尾是清辅音 (except /t/) 时，-ed 发 /t/ 的音。 (e.g., worked, helped)
  • /d/: 动词词尾是浊辅音 (except /d/) 和元音时，-ed 发 /d/ 的音。 (e.g., played, studied)
  • /id/: 动词词尾是 /t/ 或 /d/ 时，-ed 发 /id/ 的音。 (e.g., wanted, needed)

• B. 弱读 (Weak forms)

  • 情态动词 can, could, will, would, shall, should 的弱读。
  • 助动词 is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did 的弱读。
  • 介词 of, for, at, to, from 的弱读。
  • 连词 and, but 的弱读。

IX. 练习与复习 (Practice and Review)

• 课后练习 (Textbook exercises)
• 练习册 (Workbook)
• 在线练习 (Online exercises)
• 单元测试 (Unit test)
• 定期复习 (Regular review)