英语动词时态思维导图
《英语动词时态思维导图》
I. 现在时 (Present Tense)
A. 一般现在时 (Simple Present)
- 用法:
- 表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。
- 表示普遍真理、客观事实。
- 表示时间表或预定的计划 (尤其用于交通运输、电影等)。
- 叙述故事或进行演示 (historical present, demonstration)。
- 结构:
- 主语 + 动词原形 (第三人称单数动词 + -s/-es)
- 时间状语:
- always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never, every day/week/month/year, once/twice/three times a week/month/year, on Mondays/weekdays, in general, normally.
- 例句:
- I study English every day.
- The sun rises in the east.
- The train leaves at 10:00 AM.
B. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)
- 用法:
- 表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 表示说话时暂时发生的动作。
- 表示计划或安排在近期要做的事情 (未来安排)。
- 表示重复发生且令人厌烦的动作 (常与always, constantly连用)。
- 结构:
- 主语 + is/am/are + 动词的现在分词 (V-ing)
- 时间状语:
- now, at the moment, right now, these days, this week, nowadays, currently, still, at present.
- 例句:
- I am studying English now.
- She is working on a new project these days.
- They are always complaining about something.
C. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect)
- 用法:
- 表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果。
- 表示从过去到现在持续的状态或动作。
- 表示过去发生的动作,但具体时间不重要或未知。
- 表示到目前为止的经验或成就。
- 结构:
- 主语 + have/has + 动词的过去分词 (V3)
- 时间状语:
- just, already, yet, never, ever, so far, up to now, since, for, lately, recently, in the past few years/months/weeks.
- 例句:
- I have finished my homework.
- He has lived in London for ten years.
- Have you ever been to Japan?
D. 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous)
- 用法:
- 强调从过去开始,一直持续到现在,并且可能继续下去的动作。
- 强调动作持续的时间。
- 结构:
- 主语 + have/has + been + 动词的现在分词 (V-ing)
- 时间状语:
- since, for, how long, lately, recently, all day/week/month/year.
- 例句:
- I have been studying English for five years.
- It has been raining all day.
II. 过去时 (Past Tense)
A. 一般过去时 (Simple Past)
- 用法:
- 表示过去发生的动作或状态。
- 表示过去习惯性的动作或状态。
- 表示过去某一时间发生的动作或事件。
- 结构:
- 时间状语:
- yesterday, last week/month/year, ago, in the past, then, just now, in 2000, when, the other day.
- 例句:
- I went to the cinema yesterday.
- She lived in Paris for five years.
B. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous)
- 用法:
- 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
- 表示过去一段时间内持续进行的动作。
- 表示在过去某一动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行。
- 描述背景环境。
- 结构:
- 主语 + was/were + 动词的现在分词 (V-ing)
- 时间状语:
- at that time, at 8 o'clock yesterday, while, as, when.
- 例句:
- I was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.
- It was raining when I left home.
C. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect)
- 用法:
- 表示在过去某一时间之前完成的动作。
- 表示在过去某一时间之前持续的状态。
- 用于虚拟语气中。
- 结构:
- 时间状语:
- before, after, by the time, when, already, never, ever, until, as soon as.
- 例句:
- I had finished my work before you arrived.
- He had lived there for ten years before he moved.
D. 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)
- 用法:
- 强调在过去某一时间之前一直持续进行的动作。
- 强调动作持续的时间对过去造成的影响。
- 结构:
- 主语 + had + been + 动词的现在分词 (V-ing)
- 时间状语:
- since, for, how long, before, until.
- 例句:
- I had been studying English for five years before I moved to America.
- She was tired because she had been working all day.
III. 将来时 (Future Tense)
A. 一般将来时 (Simple Future)
- 用法:
- 表示将来发生的动作或状态。
- 表示预测或推测将来发生的事情。
- 表示将来要做出的决定或承诺 (will)。
- 表示计划或安排好的未来事件 (be going to)。
- 结构:
- 主语 + will/shall + 动词原形 (will更常用)
- 主语 + be going to + 动词原形
- 时间状语:
- tomorrow, next week/month/year, in the future, soon, later, the day after tomorrow.
- 例句:
- I will go to the cinema tomorrow.
- It is going to rain.
B. 将来进行时 (Future Continuous)
- 用法:
- 表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。
- 表示将来一段时间内持续进行的动作。
- 结构:
- 主语 + will be + 动词的现在分词 (V-ing)
- 时间状语:
- at this time tomorrow, at 8 o'clock tomorrow, all day tomorrow, during that time.
- 例句:
- I will be studying English at this time tomorrow.
- He will be working on the project all day next week.
C. 将来完成时 (Future Perfect)
- 用法:
- 结构:
- 主语 + will have + 动词的过去分词 (V3)
- 时间状语:
- by the time, before, by next year/month/week, in two years.
- 例句:
- I will have finished my work by the time you arrive.
- She will have lived in London for ten years by next year.
D. 将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous)
- 用法:
- 结构:
- 主语 + will have been + 动词的现在分词 (V-ing)
- 时间状语:
- by then, by the end of, for, since.
- 例句:
- By the end of this year, I will have been studying English for ten years.
IV. 注意事项
- 时态一致: 在复合句中,主句和从句的时态要保持一致,尤其是宾语从句和状语从句。
- 非谓语动词: 非谓语动词 (不定式, 动名词, 分词) 不表达时态,而是依赖于谓语动词的时态来确定时间关系。
- 特殊动词: 某些动词 (如see, hear, know, believe, understand) 通常不用于进行时态。
- 语境: 语境是判断时态的重要依据。