《英语基本句型思维导图》

I. 核心句型

A. 主谓结构 (S+V)

1. 定义: 主语发出动作，动词为不及物动词。
2. 特点: 结构简单，信息量较少，通常需要附加成分补充。
3. 例句:
   • The sun rises.
   • Birds sing.
   • She smiled.

B. 主谓宾结构 (S+V+O)

1. 定义: 主语执行动作，动作指向宾语，动词为及物动词。
2. 特点: 完整表达一个动作及其承受者。
3. 例句:
   • I love you.
   • He reads books.
   • They built a house.

C. 主谓双宾结构 (S+V+IO+DO)

1. 定义: 主语执行动作，动作有两个宾语，一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语。
2. 特点: 强调动作的给予对象和给予内容。
3. 例句:
   • He gave her a flower. (her - IO, a flower - DO)
   • I bought him a gift. (him - IO, a gift - DO)
   • She told me a story. (me - IO, a story - DO)

D. 主谓宾宾补结构 (S+V+O+OC)

1. 定义: 主语执行动作，动作指向宾语，宾语后面跟宾语补足语，补充说明宾语。
2. 特点: 宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词等。
3. 例句:
   • I found the book interesting. (interesting - OC)
   • They elected him president. (president - OC)
   • We made her happy. (happy - OC)

E. 主系表结构 (S+V+P)

1. 定义: 主语的状态或特征通过系动词和表语来表达。
2. 特点: 系动词连接主语和表语，表语描述主语的性质、状态、身份等。
3. 例句:
   • He is a doctor. (a doctor - P)
   • She is beautiful. (beautiful - P)
   • It sounds interesting. (interesting - P)

II. 句型扩展

A. 添加状语 (Adverbial)

1. 类型:
   • 时间状语: yesterday, today, tomorrow, last week, in 2023.
   • 地点状语: here, there, at home, in the park, on the street.
   • 方式状语: quickly, slowly, carefully, happily.
   • 原因状语: because of..., due to..., since..., as...
   • 目的状语: to..., in order to..., so as to...
   • 条件状语: if..., unless..., provided that...
   • 让步状语: although..., though..., even if...
2. 位置: 一般位于句首、句中或句尾，根据强调的内容和习惯灵活调整。
3. 例句:
   • Yesterday, I went to the store. (时间状语)
   • He studies hard in order to pass the exam. (目的状语)
   • If it rains, we will stay at home. (条件状语)

B. 添加定语 (Attributive)

1. 类型:
   • 形容词: a beautiful girl, an interesting book.
   • 名词: a book store, a computer game.
   • 介词短语: the book on the table, the man with a hat.
   • 不定式: the first person to arrive, something to eat.
   • 分词: the running water, the broken window.
   • 定语从句: the book that I read, the man who helped me.
2. 位置: 一般位于被修饰词的前面（形容词、名词），或后面（介词短语、不定式、分词、定语从句）。
3. 例句:
   • The tall building is the Empire State Building. (形容词)
   • The book written by her is very popular. (分词)
   • The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister. (定语从句)

C. 使用从句 (Clause)

1. 名词性从句:
   • 主语从句: What he said is true.
   • 宾语从句: I know that he is honest.
   • 表语从句: The problem is that we have no money.
   • 同位语从句: The news that he won the prize is exciting.
2. 状语从句: (见II.A)
3. 定语从句: (见II.B.2)

D. 使用非谓语动词

1. 不定式: to do, to be done, to have done. 作状语, 定语, 主语, 宾语, 表语, 宾补.
2. 动名词: doing. 作主语, 宾语, 表语, 同位语.
3. 分词: doing (现在分词), done (过去分词). 作定语, 状语, 表语, 宾补.

III. 特殊句型

A. 强调句 (It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 剩余部分)

1. 特点: 强调句中的被强调部分可以是主语、宾语、状语等。
2. 例句:
   • It was John that broke the window. (强调主语)
   • It was yesterday that I met her. (强调时间状语)

B. 倒装句 (Inversion)

1. 类型:
   • 全部倒装: Here comes the bus.
   • 部分倒装: Never have I seen such a beautiful sight.
2. 适用情况: 为了强调、避免重复、或遵循语法规则。

C. 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)

1. 特点: 表达与事实相反的愿望、建议、假设等。
2. 常见结构:
   • If I were you...
   • I wish I had gone...
   • It is important that he be present.

IV. 总结

掌握以上基本句型和扩展方法，能够帮助学习者构建清晰、准确、丰富的英语句子，提高英语表达能力。 熟练运用各类从句和非谓语动词能显著提升语言的复杂度和流畅性。 特殊句型是锦上添花，让表达更富感染力。 通过不断练习和实践，灵活运用这些句型，可以有效地提高英语写作和口语水平。

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