《5年级下英语思维导图》

一、 语法基础：

• 时态:

  • 现在进行时 (Present Continuous):
    • 结构：am/is/are + doing
    • 用法：描述现在正在发生的动作；描述计划好的将来动作 (通常与时间状语连用)
    • 关键词：now, at the moment, these days, tonight, tomorrow, next week
    • 例句：I am eating dinner now. She is going to the cinema tomorrow.
    • 注意：状态动词 (如 like, want, know) 一般不用进行时。
  • 一般将来时 (Simple Future Tense):
    • 结构：will + do / be going to + do
    • 用法：表示将来发生的动作或状态；will 表示预测或即时决定，be going to 表示计划好的事情。
    • 关键词：tomorrow, next week/month/year, soon, in the future
    • 例句：I will go to the park tomorrow. They are going to visit China next year.
    • 区别：will 语气较弱，be going to 语气较强，更强调已经计划好。
  • 过去进行时 (Past Continuous):
    • 结构：was/were + doing
    • 用法：描述过去某一时刻正在发生的动作；描述与过去另一个动作同时发生的动作。
    • 关键词：at that time, while, when (引导时间状语从句)
    • 例句：I was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night. While I was reading, he was playing games.

• 名词:

  • 可数名词 (Countable Nouns):
    • 单数形式、复数形式 (规则变化、不规则变化)
    • 使用 a/an 修饰单数可数名词
    • 复数变化规则：一般加 -s, 以 -s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾加 -es, 以辅音字母加 -y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 -es, 以 -f 或 -fe 结尾变 f 为 v 加 -es, 不规则变化 (如 man-men, child-children)
  • 不可数名词 (Uncountable Nouns):
    • 没有复数形式
    • 不能直接用 a/an 修饰
    • 常用量词：a piece of, a glass of, a bottle of, a bowl of, a kilo of
    • 常见类型：液体 (water, milk)，气体 (air)，材料 (wood, paper)，抽象名词 (advice, information)

• 代词:

  • 人称代词 (Personal Pronouns):
    • 主格 (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
    • 宾格 (me, you, him, her, it, us, them)
    • 形容词性物主代词 (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
    • 名词性物主代词 (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs)
  • 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns):
    • this, that, these, those
    • 用法：指代人或物，this/these 指代近处，that/those 指代远处；this/that 指代单数，these/those 指代复数。

• 形容词和副词:

  • 形容词 (Adjectives):
    • 修饰名词，说明名词的性质、特征
    • 位置：通常放在名词前，或系动词后 (如 be, look, feel, become)
    • 比较级和最高级 (规则变化、不规则变化)
      • 规则变化：单音节词和少数双音节词，比较级加 -er，最高级加 -est；多音节词，比较级用 more，最高级用 most。
      • 不规则变化：good-better-best, bad-worse-worst, far-farther/further-farthest/furthest
  • 副词 (Adverbs):
    • 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明动作发生的方式、时间、地点、程度
    • 位置：通常放在动词后，或修饰的形容词/副词前
    • 常见类型：方式副词 (quickly, slowly)，时间副词 (now, yesterday)，地点副词 (here, there)，程度副词 (very, quite)
    • 注意：有些形容词加 -ly 可以变成副词 (如 quick-quickly, careful-carefully)，但有些词本身既是形容词又是副词 (如 fast, hard)

二、 词汇拓展：

• 食物 (Food):
  • 蔬菜 (vegetables): carrot, potato, tomato, cabbage, etc.
  • 水果 (fruits): apple, banana, orange, grape, etc.
  • 肉类 (meat): beef, pork, chicken, fish, etc.
  • 饮料 (drinks): juice, milk, water, coffee, tea, etc.
  • 其他 (others): bread, rice, noodles, cake, biscuit, etc.
• 地点 (Places):
  • 学校 (school): classroom, library, playground, canteen, etc.
  • 城市 (city): park, cinema, hospital, supermarket, museum, etc.
  • 乡村 (countryside): farm, river, forest, field, mountain, etc.
  • 交通 (transportation): bus stop, train station, airport, etc.
• 爱好 (Hobbies):
  • 运动 (sports): basketball, football, swimming, running, etc.
  • 艺术 (arts): drawing, painting, singing, dancing, playing musical instruments, etc.
  • 娱乐 (entertainment): reading, watching movies, playing games, etc.
  • 其他 (others): collecting stamps, traveling, cooking, etc.
• 节日 (Festivals):
  • 春节 (Spring Festival): dumplings, red envelopes, lion dance, etc.
  • 端午节 (Dragon Boat Festival): rice dumplings, dragon boat race, etc.
  • 中秋节 (Mid-Autumn Festival): mooncakes, family reunion, etc.
  • 圣诞节 (Christmas): Christmas tree, presents, Santa Claus, etc.

三、 句型结构：

• 询问时间 (Asking for Time):
  • What time is it?
  • Do you have the time?
• 表达喜好 (Expressing Likes and Dislikes):
  • I like/love/enjoy...
  • I don't like/hate...
  • My favorite... is...
• 提出建议 (Giving Suggestions):
  • Let's...
  • How about...?
  • Why don't you...?
  • You should...
• 表达能力 (Expressing Ability):
  • I can...
  • Can you...?
  • He/She can...
• 描述天气 (Describing Weather):
  • It's sunny/rainy/cloudy/windy/snowy.
  • It's hot/cold/warm/cool.

四、 阅读理解：

• 阅读策略:
  • 浏览标题和图片，预测文章内容。
  • 快速阅读全文，抓住文章主旨。
  • 仔细阅读问题，回到原文寻找答案。
  • 注意关键词和线索词 (如 but, however, therefore)。
  • 根据上下文推断生词含义。
• 常见题型:
  • 细节题 (What/Who/When/Where/Why/How)
  • 主旨题 (What is the main idea of the passage?)
  • 推断题 (What can we infer from the passage?)
  • 词义题 (What does the word "..." mean in the passage?)

五、 写作技巧：

• 段落结构:
  • 主题句 (Topic Sentence): 概括段落主要内容。
  • 支持句 (Supporting Sentences): 提供细节、例子、理由来支持主题句。
  • 结尾句 (Concluding Sentence): 总结段落内容，或引出下一段。
• 写作技巧:
  • 使用过渡词 (linking words) 使文章流畅 (如 and, but, so, because, however, therefore, first, then, finally)。
  • 使用不同的句型和词汇，避免重复。
  • 注意语法和拼写错误。
  • 审题，确保文章符合要求。
• 常见类型:
  • 看图说话 (Describe a picture)
  • 描述人物 (Describe a person)
  • 描述地点 (Describe a place)
  • 写信 (Write a letter)
  • 写日记 (Write a diary)