现在进行时的思维导图

《现在进行时的思维导图》

中心主题：现在进行时 (Present Continuous/Progressive)

一、 构成 (Formation)

• 主语 + be (am/is/are) + 动词-ing
  • 例子:
    • I am eating.
    • He is studying.
    • They are playing.
• “be” 动词的选择
  • am: 用于主语 I
  • is: 用于主语 he, she, it 以及单数名词
  • are: 用于主语 you, we, they 以及复数名词
• 动词-ing 形式的构成规则
  • 一般情况: 直接在动词后加 -ing (e.g., play -> playing, work -> working)
  • 以不发音的 e 结尾的动词: 去掉 e 后加 -ing (e.g., take -> taking, write -> writing)
    • 例外: be -> being, see -> seeing
  • 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词: 双写辅音字母后加 -ing (e.g., run -> running, swim -> swimming, get -> getting)
    • 注意: 辅音字母是指除 a, e, i, o, u 之外的字母。
    • 重读闭音节 指的是以辅音字母结尾，且最后一个元音字母发短促音的音节。
  • 以 ie 结尾的动词: 将 ie 改为 y 后加 -ing (e.g., lie -> lying, die -> dying, tie -> tying)

二、 用途 (Uses)

• 正在发生的动作 (Action in Progress): 描述说话时或一段时间内正在进行的动作。
  • 例子:
    • The children are playing in the garden now.
    • I am reading a very interesting book these days.
• 临时的状态或活动 (Temporary Situations or Activities): 描述暂时性的状态或活动，与通常情况不同。
  • 例子:
    • She is living with her parents temporarily.
    • He is working as a waiter this summer.
• 计划好的未来动作 (Planned Future Actions): 描述已安排好的、即将发生的未来活动，通常与时间状语连用。
  • 例子:
    • I am meeting John tomorrow.
    • We are going to the cinema tonight.
• 表达情感或抱怨 (Expressing Emotion or Complaint): 描述重复发生的、令人厌烦的动作，通常与 always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表达说话者的不满或恼怒。
  • 例子:
    • He is always complaining about everything.
    • You are constantly interrupting me!
• 状态动词的特殊用法 (Stative Verbs): 通常状态动词不用进行时，但在某些情况下可以，表达动态过程。
  • 状态动词: 描述状态、感觉、想法、拥有等的动词 (e.g., believe, know, love, hate, want, own, seem, appear)。
  • 用法例子：
    • think: 思考 (动态) vs. 认为 (静态)
      • I am thinking about what to do next. (思考)
      • I think he is right. (认为)
    • see: 看 (动态) vs. 明白 (静态)
      • I am seeing a doctor tomorrow. (看医生)
      • I see what you mean. (明白)
    • taste: 尝 (动态) vs. 尝起来 (静态)
      • I am tasting the soup. (尝)
      • The soup tastes good. (尝起来)
• 发展变化 (Changing or Developing Situations): 描述正在发生的变化或发展。
  • 例子：
    • The climate is changing rapidly.
    • Your English is improving.

三、 时间状语 (Time Expressions)

• now: 现在
• at the moment: 此刻
• at present: 目前
• these days: 这些天
• this week/month/year: 本周/月/年
• today: 今天
• tonight: 今晚
• still: 仍然

四、 否定形式 (Negative Form)

• 主语 + be (am/is/are) + not + 动词-ing
  • 例子:
    • I am not working.
    • He is not playing.
    • They are not studying.
• 缩写:
  • is not -> isn't
  • are not -> aren't

五、 疑问形式 (Interrogative Form)

• Be (Am/Is/Are) + 主语 + 动词-ing?
  • 例子:
    • Am I working?
    • Is he playing?
    • Are they studying?
• 简短回答:
  • Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
  • Yes, he/she/it is. / No, he/she/it isn't.
  • Yes, you/we/they are. / No, you/we/they aren't.
• 特殊疑问句:
  • 疑问词 + be (am/is/are) + 主语 + 动词-ing?
  • 例子:
    • What are you doing?
    • Where is he going?
    • Why are they crying?

六、 注意事项 (Important Notes)

• 避免与一般现在时混淆: 现在进行时强调动作的进行，而一般现在时描述习惯、事实或真理。
• 某些状态动词通常不用于进行时: 需要了解哪些动词属于状态动词，并在使用时格外小心。
• 根据上下文判断语境: 同一个句子，不同的上下文可能表达不同的含义，需要根据语境判断。 例如， "He is seeing a doctor." 可以表示 "他正在看医生 (动作进行中)" 也可以表示 "他将去看医生 (未来计划)"。