热学光学思维导图
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热学 (Thermodynamics)
- 基本概念 (Basic Concepts)
- 温度 (Temperature)
- 温标 (Temperature Scales)
- 摄氏温标 (Celsius Scale)
- 华氏温标 (Fahrenheit Scale)
- 开尔文温标 (Kelvin Scale)
- 测温原理 (Principles of Thermometry)
- 温标 (Temperature Scales)
- 热量 (Heat)
- 热容 (Heat Capacity)
- 比热容 (Specific Heat Capacity)
- 摩尔热容 (Molar Heat Capacity)
- 相变潜热 (Latent Heat of Phase Transition)
- 内能 (Internal Energy)
- 分子动能 (Molecular Kinetic Energy)
- 分子势能 (Molecular Potential Energy)
- 功 (Work)
- 体积功 (Volume Work)
- 状态参量 (State Parameters)
- 压强 (Pressure)
- 体积 (Volume)
- 温度 (Temperature)
- 温度 (Temperature)
- 热力学定律 (Laws of Thermodynamics)
- 热力学第零定律 (Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics)
- 热平衡 (Thermal Equilibrium)
- 热力学第一定律 (First Law of Thermodynamics)
- 能量守恒 (Conservation of Energy)
- ΔU = Q - W
- 热力学第二定律 (Second Law of Thermodynamics)
- 克劳修斯表述 (Clausius Statement): 热量不可能自发地从低温物体传到高温物体
- 开尔文-普朗克表述 (Kelvin-Planck Statement): 不可能从单一热源吸收热量,使之完全变为功
- 熵 (Entropy): 过程的方向性,系统无序度的量度
- 熵增加原理 (Principle of Increase of Entropy)
- 热力学第三定律 (Third Law of Thermodynamics): 绝对零度不可达到
- 热力学第零定律 (Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics)
- 理想气体 (Ideal Gas)
- 理想气体模型 (Ideal Gas Model)
- 理想气体状态方程 (Ideal Gas Law): PV = nRT 或 PV = NkT
- 理想气体的内能 (Internal Energy of Ideal Gas): 仅与温度有关
- 理想气体的比热容 (Specific Heat Capacity of Ideal Gas)
- 定容摩尔热容 Cv,m
- 定压摩尔热容 Cp,m
- 迈耶公式 (Mayer's Relation): Cp,m - Cv,m = R
- 比热容比 γ = Cp/Cv
- 热力学过程 (Thermodynamic Processes)
- 等容过程 (Isochoric Process): V=const
- 等压过程 (Isobaric Process): P=const
- 等温过程 (Isothermal Process): T=const
- 绝热过程 (Adiabatic Process): Q=0
- 循环过程 (Cyclic Process)
- 热机与制冷机 (Heat Engines and Refrigerators)
- 热机效率 (Efficiency of Heat Engine): η = W/Qh = 1 - Qc/Qh
- 制冷系数 (Coefficient of Performance of Refrigerator): ε = Qc/W
- 卡诺循环 (Carnot Cycle): 最有效率的循环
- 卡诺效率 (Carnot Efficiency): ηc = 1 - Tc/Th
- 传热方式 (Modes of Heat Transfer)
- 传导 (Conduction): 通过介质接触传递
- 热导率 (Thermal Conductivity)
- 对流 (Convection): 通过流体流动传递
- 辐射 (Radiation): 通过电磁波传递
- 黑体辐射 (Blackbody Radiation)
- 斯特藩-玻尔兹曼定律 (Stefan-Boltzmann Law)
- 维恩位移定律 (Wien's Displacement Law)
- 传导 (Conduction): 通过介质接触传递
- 基本概念 (Basic Concepts)
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光学 (Optics)
- 几何光学 (Geometric Optics)
- 光的传播 (Propagation of Light)
- 光的直线传播 (Rectilinear Propagation of Light): 均匀介质中
- 影 (Shadow), 本影与半影 (Umbra and Penumbra)
- 小孔成像 (Pinhole Imaging)
- 光的反射 (Reflection of Light)
- 反射定律 (Laws of Reflection): 入射角等于反射角,入射光线、反射光线、法线共面
- 平面镜成像 (Image Formation by Plane Mirror): 等大虚像,物像关于平面镜对称
- 球面镜 (Spherical Mirrors): 凹面镜 (Concave Mirror), 凸面镜 (Convex Mirror)
- 焦点 (Focal Point), 焦距 (Focal Length)
- 成像规律 (Imaging Laws)
- 光的折射 (Refraction of Light)
- 折射定律 (Laws of Refraction, Snell's Law): n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2
- 折射率 (Refractive Index): 绝对折射率,相对折射率
- 全反射 (Total Internal Reflection): 临界角 (Critical Angle)
- 平行平板玻璃 (Parallel Plate Glass): 出射光线与入射光线平行
- 三棱镜 (Prism): 光的色散 (Dispersion)
- 透镜 (Lenses): 凸透镜 (Convex Lens), 凹透镜 (Concave Lens)
- 光心 (Optical Center), 焦点 (Focal Point), 焦距 (Focal Length)
- 薄透镜成像规律 (Imaging Laws of Thin Lenses)
- 薄透镜公式 (Thin Lens Formula): 1/f = 1/u + 1/v
- 透镜组合 (Combination of Lenses)
- 光学仪器 (Optical Instruments)
- 照相机 (Camera)
- 眼睛 (Eye)
- 放大镜 (Magnifying Glass)
- 显微镜 (Microscope)
- 望远镜 (Telescope)
- 眼镜 (Spectacles)
- 光的传播 (Propagation of Light)
- 波动光学 (Wave Optics)
- 光的波动性 (Wave Nature of Light)
- 波长 (Wavelength), 频率 (Frequency), 速度 (Speed), 振幅 (Amplitude)
- 波前 (Wavefront), 光线 (Ray)
- 惠更斯原理 (Huygens' Principle)
- 光的干涉 (Interference of Light)
- 相干条件 (Coherence Conditions)
- 双缝干涉 (Double-slit Interference, Young's Experiment): 干涉条纹 (Interference Fringes)
- 薄膜干涉 (Thin-film Interference): 等倾干涉,等厚干涉
- 迈克尔逊干涉仪 (Michelson Interferometer)
- 光的衍射 (Diffraction of Light)
- 菲涅耳衍射 (Fresnel Diffraction): 近场衍射
- 夫琅和费衍射 (Fraunhofer Diffraction): 远场衍射
- 单缝衍射 (Single-slit Diffraction)
- 圆孔衍射 (Circular Aperture Diffraction)
- 衍射光栅 (Diffraction Grating): 多缝衍射
- X射线衍射 (X-ray Diffraction): 布拉格衍射 (Bragg Diffraction)
- 光的偏振 (Polarization of Light)
- 横波特性 (Transverse Wave Property)
- 自然光与偏振光 (Natural Light and Polarized Light): 线偏振光,圆偏振光,椭圆偏振光
- 偏振片 (Polarizer), 检偏器 (Analyzer)
- 马吕斯定律 (Malus's Law)
- 偏振方式 (Methods of Polarization): 吸收偏振,反射偏振,折射偏振,散射偏振
- 布儒斯特角 (Brewster's Angle)
- 双折射 (Birefringence)
- 光的波动性 (Wave Nature of Light)
- 光与物质的相互作用 (Interaction of Light and Matter)
- 光的吸收 (Absorption of Light)
- 光的散射 (Scattering of Light): 瑞利散射 (Rayleigh Scattering), 米氏散射 (Mie Scattering)
- 光谱 (Spectrum): 发射线光谱 (Emission Spectrum), 吸收光谱 (Absorption Spectrum), 连续光谱 (Continuous Spectrum)
- 光电效应 (Photoelectric Effect): 光子理论 (Photon Theory)
- 爱因斯坦光电方程 (Einstein's Photoelectric Equation)
- 现代光学 (Modern Optics)
- 激光 (Laser): 受激辐射 (Stimulated Emission)
- 光纤 (Optical Fiber): 全反射原理应用
- 全息术 (Holography): 干涉原理应用
- 非线性光学 (Nonlinear Optics)
- 量子光学 (Quantum Optics)
- 几何光学 (Geometric Optics)