《七上第三单元第二章被子植物的一生思维导图》
中心主题:被子植物的一生
I. 种子萌发 (Seed Germination)
- A. 萌发条件 (Germination Conditions)
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- 适宜的温度 (Suitable Temperature):
- 酶活性 (Enzyme Activity)
- 不同植物所需温度不同 (Different plants have different temperature requirements)
- 适宜的温度 (Suitable Temperature):
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- 充足的水分 (Sufficient Water):
- 激活酶 (Activate enzymes)
- 运输营养物质 (Transport nutrients)
- 软化种皮 (Soften seed coat)
- 充足的水分 (Sufficient Water):
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- 充足的空气 (Sufficient Air):
- 呼吸作用 (Respiration)
- 提供能量 (Provide energy)
- 充足的空气 (Sufficient Air):
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- 特殊条件 (Special Conditions):
- 某些种子需要光照 (Some seeds require light)
- 某些种子需要低温 (Some seeds require low temperature stratification)
- 特殊条件 (Special Conditions):
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- B. 萌发过程 (Germination Process)
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- 吸水膨胀 (Water Absorption and Swelling):
- 种皮胀大 (Seed coat swells)
- 胚根突破种皮 (Radicle breaks through seed coat)
- 吸水膨胀 (Water Absorption and Swelling):
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- 胚根伸长 (Radicle Elongation):
- 形成根 (Forms the root)
- 固定植物 (Anchors the plant)
- 胚根伸长 (Radicle Elongation):
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- 胚轴伸长 (Hypocotyl Elongation):
- 将子叶或胚芽推出地面 (Pushes cotyledons or epicotyl above ground)
- 胚轴伸长 (Hypocotyl Elongation):
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- 胚芽发育成茎和叶 (Epicotyl Develops into Stem and Leaves):
- 进行光合作用 (Performs photosynthesis)
- 为植物提供养分 (Provides nutrients for the plant)
- 胚芽发育成茎和叶 (Epicotyl Develops into Stem and Leaves):
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- C. 萌发所需的自身条件 (Internal Conditions for Germination)
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- 完整的胚 (Complete Embryo):
- 包括胚根、胚轴、胚芽、子叶 (Includes radicle, hypocotyl, epicotyl, cotyledons)
- 具有生命力 (Viable)
- 完整的胚 (Complete Embryo):
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- 足够的营养物质 (Sufficient Nutrients):
- 储存在子叶或胚乳中 (Stored in cotyledons or endosperm)
- 提供萌发所需的能量 (Provides energy for germination)
- 足够的营养物质 (Sufficient Nutrients):
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II. 植物生长 (Plant Growth)
- A. 营养物质的吸收与运输 (Absorption and Transportation of Nutrients)
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- 根的吸收 (Root Absorption):
- 根毛增大了吸收面积 (Root hairs increase surface area for absorption)
- 吸收水分和无机盐 (Absorbs water and mineral salts)
- 根的吸收 (Root Absorption):
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- 导管的运输 (Xylem Transportation):
- 从根到茎到叶 (From roots to stems to leaves)
- 运输水分和无机盐 (Transports water and mineral salts)
- 导管的运输 (Xylem Transportation):
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- 筛管的运输 (Phloem Transportation):
- 从叶到茎到根 (From leaves to stems to roots)
- 运输有机物 (Transports organic matter)
- 筛管的运输 (Phloem Transportation):
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- B. 光合作用 (Photosynthesis)
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- 场所:叶绿体 (Location: Chloroplasts)
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- 原料:二氧化碳和水 (Raw materials: Carbon dioxide and water)
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- 产物:有机物 (葡萄糖) 和氧气 (Products: Organic matter (glucose) and oxygen)
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- 条件:光照 (Light)
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- 意义:
- 制造有机物,为自身和其他生物提供能量 (Produces organic matter, providing energy for itself and other organisms)
- 维持大气中氧气和二氧化碳的平衡 (Maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere)
- 意义:
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- C. 呼吸作用 (Respiration)
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- 场所:细胞 (Location: Cells)
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- 原料:有机物 (葡萄糖) 和氧气 (Raw materials: Organic matter (glucose) and oxygen)
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- 产物:二氧化碳、水和能量 (Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and energy)
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- 意义:为生命活动提供能量 (Provides energy for life activities)
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- D. 生长和发育 (Growth and Development)
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- 细胞分裂 (Cell Division):
- 细胞数量增加 (Increase in cell number)
- 有丝分裂 (Mitosis)
- 细胞分裂 (Cell Division):
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- 细胞生长 (Cell Growth):
- 细胞体积增大 (Increase in cell volume)
- 吸收营养物质 (Absorb nutrients)
- 细胞生长 (Cell Growth):
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- 细胞分化 (Cell Differentiation):
- 形成不同的组织 (Forms different tissues)
- 如:保护组织、营养组织、输导组织、机械组织、分生组织 (e.g., protective tissue, nutritive tissue, vascular tissue, mechanical tissue, meristematic tissue)
- 细胞分化 (Cell Differentiation):
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- 组织形成器官 (Tissues form organs)
- 根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子 (Roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds)
- 组织形成器官 (Tissues form organs)
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III. 开花与结果 (Flowering and Fruiting)
- A. 花的结构 (Flower Structure)
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- 花托 (Receptacle):连接花的其他部分 (Connects other parts of the flower)
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- 花萼 (Sepals):保护花蕾 (Protects the flower bud)
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- 花瓣 (Petals):吸引昆虫传粉 (Attracts insects for pollination)
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- 雄蕊 (Stamens):产生花粉 (Produces pollen)
- 花药 (Anther):产生花粉 (Produces pollen)
- 花丝 (Filament):支撑花药 (Supports the anther)
- 雄蕊 (Stamens):产生花粉 (Produces pollen)
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- 雌蕊 (Pistil):接受花粉,发育成果实 (Receives pollen, develops into fruit)
- 柱头 (Stigma):接受花粉 (Receives pollen)
- 花柱 (Style):连接柱头和子房 (Connects stigma and ovary)
- 子房 (Ovary):包含胚珠,发育成果实 (Contains ovules, develops into fruit)
- 雌蕊 (Pistil):接受花粉,发育成果实 (Receives pollen, develops into fruit)
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- B. 传粉 (Pollination)
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- 概念:花粉从雄蕊传到雌蕊柱头上的过程 (The process of pollen being transferred from the stamen to the stigma of the pistil)
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- 方式:
- 自花传粉 (Self-pollination):花粉传到同一朵花的柱头上 (Pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower)
- 异花传粉 (Cross-pollination):花粉传到另一朵花的柱头上 (Pollen is transferred to the stigma of another flower)
- 方式:
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- 媒介:
- 昆虫 (Insects):虫媒花 (Insect-pollinated flowers)
- 风 (Wind):风媒花 (Wind-pollinated flowers)
- 水 (Water):水媒花 (Water-pollinated flowers)
- 媒介:
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- C. 受精 (Fertilization)
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- 花粉管 (Pollen Tube):花粉在柱头上萌发形成 (Pollen germinates on the stigma and forms the pollen tube)
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- 精子 (Sperm):花粉管中含有 (Contained in the pollen tube)
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- 卵细胞 (Egg Cell):位于胚珠中 (Located in the ovule)
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- 受精过程:精子与卵细胞结合形成受精卵 (Fertilization process: sperm combines with egg cell to form a zygote)
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- 双受精:被子植物特有的受精方式 (Double fertilization: a fertilization method unique to angiosperms)
- 一个精子与卵细胞结合形成受精卵 (One sperm combines with the egg cell to form a zygote)
- 另一个精子与中央细胞结合形成胚乳 (The other sperm combines with the central cell to form the endosperm)
- 双受精:被子植物特有的受精方式 (Double fertilization: a fertilization method unique to angiosperms)
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- D. 果实和种子的形成 (Formation of Fruits and Seeds)
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- 子房发育成果实 (Ovary develops into fruit)
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- 胚珠发育成种子 (Ovule develops into seed)
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- 受精卵发育成胚 (Zygote develops into embryo)
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- 果皮由子房壁发育而来 (Pericarp develops from the ovary wall)
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IV. 种子的传播 (Seed Dispersal)
- A. 传播方式 (Dispersal Methods)
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- 风力传播 (Wind Dispersal):
- 种子轻而小,有翅或毛 (Seeds are light and small, with wings or hairs)
- 蒲公英、柳树 (Dandelion, Willow)
- 风力传播 (Wind Dispersal):
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- 动物传播 (Animal Dispersal):
- 种子或果实有刺或钩,易于附着在动物身上 (Seeds or fruits have thorns or hooks, easy to attach to animals)
- 苍耳、鬼针草 (Cocklebur, Bidens pilosa)
- 果实味道鲜美,颜色鲜艳,吸引动物食用 (Fruits are delicious and colorful, attracting animals to eat)
- 樱桃、草莓 (Cherry, Strawberry)
- 动物传播 (Animal Dispersal):
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- 水力传播 (Water Dispersal):
- 种子或果实能漂浮在水面上 (Seeds or fruits can float on the water)
- 椰子 (Coconut)
- 水力传播 (Water Dispersal):
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- 机械传播 (Mechanical Dispersal):
- 果实成熟后自动开裂,将种子弹出 (The fruit automatically splits open after ripening, ejecting the seeds)
- 凤仙花、豌豆 (Impatiens, Pea)
- 机械传播 (Mechanical Dispersal):
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V. 总结 (Summary)
- 被子植物的一生包括:种子萌发、植物生长、开花与结果、种子的传播等阶段,形成一个完整的生命周期。
- 了解被子植物的生命周期有助于我们更好地理解植物的生长发育规律,从而更好地进行农业生产和环境保护。