《英语五年级思维导图》

一、词汇篇

1. 名词 (Nouns)

• 可数名词 (Countable Nouns)
  • 单数形式 (Singular)：book, cat, apple
  • 复数形式 (Plural)
    • 规则变化：加 -s, -es (books, cats, apples, boxes, buses)
    • 不规则变化：man-men, woman-women, child-children, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, mouse-mice, sheep-sheep, fish-fish
  • 用法 (Usage)：表示可以计数的人或物，可以用 a/an/the 等冠词修饰。
• 不可数名词 (Uncountable Nouns)
  • 类别 (Categories)：
    • 液体 (Liquids)：water, milk, juice
    • 气体 (Gases)：air, oxygen
    • 材料 (Materials)：wood, paper, glass
    • 食物 (Food)：rice, bread, sugar, salt
    • 抽象概念 (Abstract Nouns)：love, happiness, time, information
  • 用法 (Usage)：表示无法计数的人或物，通常不用 a/an 修饰，但可以用 some, much, little 等修饰。
  • 量词 (Quantifiers)：
    • a piece of (a piece of cake)
    • a glass of (a glass of water)
    • a cup of (a cup of tea)
    • a bowl of (a bowl of rice)
    • a bag of (a bag of flour)
• 所有格 (Possessive Case)
  • 规则 (Rules)：
    • 单数名词：加 's (Tom's book)
    • 复数名词（以 -s 结尾）：加 ' (the students' books)
    • 不规则复数名词：加 's (the children's toys)
  • 用法 (Usage)：表示所属关系。

2. 动词 (Verbs)

• 行为动词 (Action Verbs)：run, jump, sing, dance, eat, drink, write, read
• 系动词 (Linking Verbs)：be (am, is, are, was, were), become, seem, look, feel, taste, smell, sound
• 助动词 (Auxiliary Verbs)：do, does, did, have, has, had, be (am, is, are, was, were)
• 情态动词 (Modal Verbs)：can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would
• 时态 (Tenses)
  • 一般现在时 (Simple Present)：
    • 构成：动词原形 (第三人称单数 + -s/-es)
    • 用法：表示经常性、习惯性的动作，客观真理。
    • 例句：I eat breakfast every day. She plays the piano.
  • 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)：
    • 构成：am/is/are + 动词 -ing
    • 用法：表示现在正在进行的动作。
    • 例句：I am reading a book. They are playing football.
  • 一般过去时 (Simple Past)：
    • 构成：动词过去式 (规则动词 + -ed, 不规则动词需要记忆)
    • 用法：表示过去发生的动作或状态。
    • 例句：I watched TV last night. She went to the park yesterday.
  • 一般将来时 (Simple Future)：
    • 构成：will + 动词原形 或 be going to + 动词原形
    • 用法：表示将来要发生的动作。
    • 例句：I will go to the cinema tomorrow. They are going to visit their grandparents next week.

3. 形容词 (Adjectives)

• 种类 (Types)：
  • 描述性形容词 (Descriptive Adjectives)：tall, short, big, small, beautiful, ugly
  • 指示形容词 (Demonstrative Adjectives)：this, that, these, those
  • 数量形容词 (Quantitative Adjectives)：many, few, some, any
  • 所有格形容词 (Possessive Adjectives)：my, your, his, her, its, our, their
• 比较级和最高级 (Comparative and Superlative Degrees)
  • 规则变化 (Regular)：
    • 单音节词：加 -er (比较级), 加 -est (最高级) (tall-taller-tallest)
    • 以 -e 结尾：加 -r (比较级), 加 -st (最高级) (nice-nicer-nicest)
    • 重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母：双写辅音字母，加 -er (比较级), 加 -est (最高级) (big-bigger-biggest)
    • 以 -y 结尾：变 y 为 i，加 -er (比较级), 加 -est (最高级) (happy-happier-happiest)
  • 不规则变化 (Irregular)：
    • good-better-best
    • bad-worse-worst
    • far-farther/further-farthest/furthest
  • 多音节词 (Multi-syllable words)：用 more (比较级), 用 most (最高级) (beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful)

4. 副词 (Adverbs)

• 种类 (Types)：
  • 方式副词 (Adverbs of Manner)：quickly, slowly, carefully, happily
  • 时间副词 (Adverbs of Time)：now, then, yesterday, today, tomorrow, soon
  • 地点副词 (Adverbs of Place)：here, there, everywhere, nowhere, inside, outside
  • 程度副词 (Adverbs of Degree)：very, quite, really, too, enough
  • 频率副词 (Adverbs of Frequency)：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never
• 位置 (Position)：
  • 方式副词：通常在动词之后或宾语之后。
  • 时间副词：句首或句尾。
  • 频率副词：在 be 动词之后，行为动词之前。

5. 介词 (Prepositions)

• 常见介词 (Common Prepositions)：in, on, at, to, from, for, with, by, about, under, over, behind, in front of, next to, between, among
• 用法 (Usage)：表示时间、地点、方向、方式等。
  • 时间：at (具体时间), on (星期几/具体日期), in (月份/年份/季节/上午/下午/晚上)
  • 地点：at (小地点), on (表面), in (大地点/内部)
  • 方向：to, from, towards, into, out of

6. 连词 (Conjunctions)

• 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions)：and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet
• 从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunctions)：because, if, although, though, when, while, before, after, until, that

二、语法篇

1. 句子成分 (Sentence Elements)

• 主语 (Subject)：表示句子描述的对象。
• 谓语 (Predicate)：表示主语发出的动作或状态。
• 宾语 (Object)：表示动作的承受者。
• 表语 (Complement)：位于系动词之后，说明主语的特征、状态或身份。
• 定语 (Attribute)：修饰名词或代词。
• 状语 (Adverbial)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。

2. 简单句 (Simple Sentences)

• 基本结构 (Basic Structure)：主语 + 谓语 (+ 宾语/表语)
• 五种基本句型 (Five Basic Sentence Patterns)：
  • S + V (Subject + Verb)
  • S + V + O (Subject + Verb + Object)
  • S + V + C (Subject + Verb + Complement)
  • S + V + IO + DO (Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object)
  • S + V + O + OC (Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement)

3. 疑问句 (Questions)

• 一般疑问句 (Yes/No Questions)：用助动词或 be 动词开头。
• 特殊疑问句 (Wh- Questions)：用疑问词 (who, what, where, when, why, how) 开头。
• 选择疑问句 (Alternative Questions)：提供两种或多种选择。
• 反意疑问句 (Tag Questions)：附加在陈述句后面，表示疑问。

4. 否定句 (Negative Sentences)

• 构成 (Formation)：在 be 动词或助动词后加 not。
• 缩写形式 (Contractions)：is not = isn't, are not = aren't, do not = don't, does not = doesn't, did not = didn't, cannot = can't

5. 祈使句 (Imperative Sentences)

• 形式 (Form)：动词原形开头。
• 用法 (Usage)：表示命令、请求、建议等。

三、交际用语 (Communicative Language)

• 问候 (Greetings)：Hello, Hi, Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening
• 介绍 (Introductions)：My name is..., Nice to meet you, How do you do?
• 感谢 (Thanking)：Thank you, Thanks, Thank you very much, You're welcome
• 道歉 (Apologies)：Sorry, I'm sorry, I apologize
• 邀请 (Invitations)：Would you like to...? Let's...
• 请求允许 (Asking for Permission)：May I...? Can I...?
• 提供帮助 (Offering Help)：Can I help you? Would you like me to...?
• 告别 (Farewells)：Goodbye, Bye, See you later, See you tomorrow

四、写作 (Writing)

• 句子 (Sentences)：
  • 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
  • 运用连接词使句子更丰富
• 段落 (Paragraphs)：
  • 主题句 (Topic Sentence)
  • 支持句 (Supporting Sentences)
  • 结论句 (Concluding Sentence)
• 文章 (Essays)：
  • 开头 (Introduction)
  • 主体 (Body)
  • 结尾 (Conclusion)

五、听力 (Listening)

• 捕捉关键词 (Catching Key Words)
• 理解说话者的意图 (Understanding Speaker's Intention)
• 记录信息 (Taking Notes)

六、口语 (Speaking)

• 发音 (Pronunciation)
• 语调 (Intonation)
• 流利度 (Fluency)
• 准确性 (Accuracy)
• 自信 (Confidence)