《英语第二单元思维导图》
一、主题：过去式（Past Simple）
1. 定义及基本概念
* **1.1 定义:** 用于描述过去发生的、已经完成的动作或状态。
* **1.2 时间状语:**
* 1.2.1 yesterday
* 1.2.2 last + 时间段 (last week, last month, last year)
* 1.2.3 时间段 + ago (two days ago, a week ago)
* 1.2.4 in + 过去年份 (in 2010)
* 1.2.5 when + 过去发生的事件 (when I was a child)
2. 动词变化形式
* **2.1 规则动词:**
* 2.1.1 一般情况: 动词原形 + -ed (e.g., work -> worked, play -> played)
* 2.1.2 以 -e 结尾: 动词原形 + -d (e.g., like -> liked, use -> used)
* 2.1.3 以辅音字母 + y 结尾: 去 y 变 i + -ed (e.g., study -> studied, try -> tried)
* 2.1.4 重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母: 双写辅音字母 + -ed (e.g., stop -> stopped, plan -> planned)
* **2.2 不规则动词:** (需要记忆)
* 2.2.1 完全变化: go -> went, see -> saw, eat -> ate
* 2.2.2 部分变化: find -> found, buy -> bought, think -> thought
* 2.2.3 没有变化: cut -> cut, put -> put, hit -> hit
3. 句子结构
* **3.1 肯定句:** Subject + Verb (past form) + Object/Complement
* Example: I watched a movie yesterday.
* **3.2 否定句:** Subject + did + not + Verb (base form) + Object/Complement
* Contracted form: didn't
* Example: I didn't watch a movie yesterday.
* **3.3 一般疑问句:** Did + Subject + Verb (base form) + Object/Complement?
* Short answer: Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
* Example: Did you watch a movie yesterday?
* **3.4 特殊疑问句:** Wh- word + did + Subject + Verb (base form) + Object/Complement?
* Example: What did you watch yesterday?
4. 用法
* **4.1 描述过去发生的单一动作:**
* Example: He visited Paris last year.
* **4.2 描述过去重复发生的动作:**
* Example: I played basketball every day when I was young.
* **4.3 描述过去持续一段时间的状态:** (通常与时间状语连用)
* Example: She lived in London for five years.
* **4.4 在叙述故事时，描述一系列连续的动作:**
* Example: I woke up, brushed my teeth, and had breakfast.
5. 常见错误及注意事项
* **5.1 规则动词与不规则动词混淆:** 要熟记不规则动词的过去式形式。
* **5.2 否定句和疑问句中忘记使用动词原形:** did 之后要使用动词原形。
* **5.3 时态混淆:** 确保整个故事或段落使用一致的过去时态。
* **5.4 拼写错误:** 尤其注意规则动词加 -ed 的拼写规则。
二、语法拓展
1. used to
* **1.1 定义:** 表示过去常常做某事，现在不再做。
* **1.2 结构:** used to + Verb (base form)
* **1.3 否定形式:** didn't use to + Verb (base form) OR used not to + Verb (base form)
* **1.4 疑问形式:** Did + Subject + use to + Verb (base form)?
* **1.5 区别与现在完成时:** used to 侧重于过去习惯，现在完成时侧重于过去发生的事情对现在的影响。
* **1.6 Example:** I used to play the piano, but I don't anymore.
2. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous)
* **2.1 定义:** 表示过去某个时间点或时间段正在进行的动作。
* **2.2 结构:** was/were + Verb-ing
* **2.3 用法:**
* 2.3.1 描述过去正在进行的动作: I was watching TV at 8 pm last night.
* 2.3.2 描述两个同时发生的动作: While I was cooking, he was cleaning the house.
* 2.3.3 描述在过去某一时间点正在进行的动作被另一个动作打断: I was walking down the street when I saw an accident. (past simple 打断 past continuous)
3. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect)
* **3.1 定义:** 表示发生在过去某个时间点之前的动作。
* **3.2 结构:** had + Verb (past participle)
* **3.3 用法:**
* 3.3.1 表示发生在过去另一个动作之前的动作: I had eaten dinner before he arrived.
* 3.3.2 与 by the time, after, before, as soon as 等连用。
* Example: By the time I arrived, the movie had already started.
三、词汇
1. 与旅行相关的词汇
* arrive, depart, visit, explore, discover, journey, trip, tour, vacation, sightseeing, accommodation, hotel, hostel, transportation, ticket, map, guide, souvenir, landmark, museum, gallery
2. 与日常生活相关的词汇
* wake up, brush teeth, have breakfast, go to school/work, study/work, have lunch, have dinner, watch TV, read a book, listen to music, play games, go to bed, sleep
3. 与过去事件相关的词汇
* accident, event, memory, experience, childhood, birthday, graduation, celebration, achievement, failure, success
四、口语表达
1. 分享旅行经历
* Expressing excitement and anticipation: "I was so excited to go on this trip!"
* Describing places and activities: "The Eiffel Tower was amazing!" "We went hiking in the mountains."
* Sharing memorable moments: "The highlight of the trip was..."
* Expressing feelings: "I was impressed by..." "I was disappointed by..."
2. 讲述过去发生的事情
* Using chronological order: "First, we went to... Then, we..."
* Adding details and descriptions: "It was a beautiful day." "The food was delicious."
* Expressing surprise or shock: "I was surprised to see..." "I couldn't believe..."
五、写作
1. 记叙文
* 使用过去时态描述事件的发生过程。
* 注意时间顺序和逻辑关系。
* 运用丰富的词汇和表达方式。
* 加入自己的感受和思考。
2. 日记
* 记录每天发生的事情。
* 使用简单的语言和句子。
* 表达自己的情感和想法。
3. 故事
* 设置人物、情节和背景。
* 运用过去时态讲述故事。
* 创造冲突和解决冲突。
* 传达主题和意义。
