《名词性从句的思维导图》
一、总览:名词性从句的概念与分类
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定义: 在句子中充当名词成分(主语、宾语、表语、同位语)的从句。
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作用: 扩展句子结构,使表达更加精确和复杂。
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分类:
- 主语从句
- 宾语从句
- 表语从句
- 同位语从句
二、主语从句
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定义: 整个从句充当句子的主语。
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引导词:
- 连接词: that, whether/if
- 连接代词: who, whom, whose, what, which
- 连接副词: when, where, why, how
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句型结构:
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that引导: That + 主语从句 + 谓语 + (其他成分)
- 例子: That he failed the exam is a pity.
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注意: that 在主语从句中通常不可省略,但可用形式主语 it 代替。
- 例子: It is a pity that he failed the exam.
- whether/if引导: Whether/If + 主语从句 + 谓语 + (其他成分)
- 例子: Whether he will come is still unknown.
- 连接代词/副词引导: 连接代词/副词 + 主语从句 + 谓语 + (其他成分)
- 例子: What he said surprised everyone.
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特殊情况:
- 形式主语 it: 为了避免句子头重脚轻,常用 it 作形式主语,将主语从句后置。
- 例子: It is certain that he will succeed.
- 主语从句的谓语动词: 主语从句整体作主语,谓语动词通常用单数形式。
- 例子: What he needs is money.
- 形式主语 it: 为了避免句子头重脚轻,常用 it 作形式主语,将主语从句后置。
三、宾语从句
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定义: 整个从句充当及物动词、介词或非谓语动词的宾语。
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引导词:
- 连接词: that, whether/if
- 连接代词: who, whom, whose, what, which
- 连接副词: when, where, why, how
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句型结构:
- 动词 + that/连接代词/连接副词 + 宾语从句
- 例子: I think that he is honest.
- 动词 + whether/if + 宾语从句
- 例子: I don't know whether/if he will come.
- 介词 + that/连接代词/连接副词 + 宾语从句
- 例子: I am interested in what you said.
- 非谓语动词 + that/连接代词/连接副词 + 宾语从句
- 例子: He enjoys reading what famous authors have written.
- 动词 + that/连接代词/连接副词 + 宾语从句
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that的省略: 当that引导的宾语从句作及物动词的宾语时,如果意义明确,that可以省略。
- 例子: I think he is honest. (that省略)
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时态一致原则:
- 主句为过去时态时,从句一般也用过去时态。
- 例子: He said that he was busy.
- 当从句表示客观真理、普遍规律或现在仍然存在的事实时,从句时态不变。
- 例子: He said that the earth is round.
- 主句为过去时态时,从句一般也用过去时态。
四、表语从句
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定义: 整个从句充当句子的表语,位于连系动词之后。
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引导词:
- 连接词: that, whether/if
- 连接代词: who, whom, whose, what, which
- 连接副词: when, where, why, how
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句型结构:
- 连系动词 + that/whether/if/连接代词/连接副词 + 表语从句
- 例子: The problem is that I don't have enough money.
- 例子: My question is whether/if you are coming.
- 例子: This is where he lives.
- 连系动词 + that/whether/if/连接代词/连接副词 + 表语从句
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常见的连系动词: be (am, is, are, was, were), seem, look, appear, become, remain, feel, sound, taste, smell
五、同位语从句
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定义: 整个从句对前面名词进行解释说明,与该名词在语法上是同位关系。
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引导词:
- 连接词: that, whether/if
- 连接副词: when, where, why, how
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句型结构:
- 名词 + that/whether/if/连接副词 + 同位语从句
- 例子: The news that he had won the prize excited everyone.
- 例子: The question whether he will come is still under discussion.
- 名词 + that/whether/if/连接副词 + 同位语从句
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常见的名词: news, fact, idea, suggestion, hope, belief, thought, information, statement, problem, question, doubt
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that的省略: 同位语从句中的that一般不能省略。
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区分同位语从句与定语从句:
- 同位语从句: 是对先行词内容进行解释说明,that在从句中不充当任何成分。
- 定语从句: 是对先行词进行修饰限定,that/which在从句中充当主语或宾语等成分。
- 例子: (同位语从句) The news that he had died shocked us all. (that引导从句解释说明news的内容)
- 例子: (定语从句) The book that he gave me is very interesting. (that在从句中作gave的宾语)
六、总结与练习
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要点回顾: 掌握各种名词性从句的定义、引导词和句型结构。
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练习建议: 通过大量的练习,区分各种名词性从句,熟练运用到写作和口语中。
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难点突破: 重点区分同位语从句和定语从句,注意that的省略情况以及时态一致原则。