《英语天气主题思维导图》

中心主题：Weather (天气)

I. Basic Weather Conditions (基本天气状况)

• A. Sunny (晴朗)
  • Vocabulary: sunshine, clear sky, bright, warm
  • Examples: "It's a sunny day today." "The sun is shining brightly."
  • Related: UV index, sunglasses, sunscreen
• B. Cloudy (多云)
  • Vocabulary: clouds, overcast, grey, dull
  • Examples: "The sky is cloudy." "It's a cloudy day, so it's not very warm."
  • Related: cloud types (cumulus, stratus, cirrus), potential for rain
• C. Rainy (下雨)
  • Vocabulary: rain, raining, showers, drizzle, downpour, pouring
  • Examples: "It's raining heavily." "We're having a lot of rain this week."
  • Related: umbrella, raincoat, puddles, flood, rainy season
• D. Snowy (下雪)
  • Vocabulary: snow, snowing, snowfall, blizzard, snowflakes, slush
  • Examples: "It's snowing heavily." "We had a lot of snow last winter."
  • Related: snow boots, gloves, scarf, snowball, snowman, skiing, snowplow
• E. Windy (刮风)
  • Vocabulary: wind, windy, breeze, gale, gust, hurricane
  • Examples: "It's very windy today." "The wind is blowing strongly."
  • Related: kite, wind turbine, weather vane, wind chill, wind speed
• F. Foggy (有雾)
  • Vocabulary: fog, foggy, mist, haze, visibility
  • Examples: "It's very foggy this morning." "The fog is making it hard to see."
  • Related: fog lights, visibility distance, potential for accidents

II. Temperature (温度)

• A. Hot (热)
  • Vocabulary: hot, heat, scorching, boiling, sweltering
  • Examples: "It's a hot day." "The temperature is very high."
  • Related: air conditioning, fan, cold drinks, heatstroke
• B. Warm (暖和)
  • Vocabulary: warm, mild, pleasant, balmy
  • Examples: "It's a warm and sunny day." "The weather is pleasantly warm."
  • Related: outdoor activities, picnics
• C. Cool (凉爽)
  • Vocabulary: cool, crisp, refreshing, chilly
  • Examples: "It's a cool evening." "The weather is nice and cool."
  • Related: light jacket, autumn colors
• D. Cold (冷)
  • Vocabulary: cold, chilly, freezing, icy, frosty
  • Examples: "It's very cold outside." "The temperature is below freezing."
  • Related: winter coat, gloves, hat, scarf, frostbite, hypothermia

III. Precipitation (降水)

• A. Rain (雨)
  • Types: drizzle, shower, downpour, hailstorm, thunderstorm
  • Measurement: rainfall, millimeters (mm), inches (in)
  • Impacts: flooding, agriculture, water supply
• B. Snow (雪)
  • Types: snowflakes, blizzard, sleet, hail
  • Measurement: snowfall, centimeters (cm), inches (in)
  • Impacts: transportation, winter sports, avalanches
• C. Hail (冰雹)
  • Formation: thunderstorms, strong updrafts
  • Impacts: damage to crops, cars, property
  • Safety: seek shelter indoors

IV. Extreme Weather (极端天气)

• A. Hurricanes/Typhoons (飓风/台风)
  • Characteristics: strong winds, heavy rain, storm surge
  • Measurement: Saffir-Simpson scale (wind speed)
  • Safety: evacuation, emergency supplies, storm shutters
• B. Tornadoes (龙卷风)
  • Characteristics: rotating column of air, funnel cloud
  • Measurement: Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale (damage)
  • Safety: seek shelter in a basement or interior room
• C. Floods (洪水)
  • Types: flash floods, river floods
  • Causes: heavy rainfall, overflowing rivers
  • Safety: avoid floodwaters, evacuate to higher ground
• D. Heatwaves (热浪)
  • Characteristics: prolonged periods of extreme heat
  • Health risks: heatstroke, dehydration
  • Safety: stay hydrated, seek shade, avoid strenuous activity
• E. Droughts (干旱)
  • Characteristics: prolonged periods of below-average rainfall
  • Impacts: water shortages, crop failures, wildfires
  • Conservation: water restrictions, efficient irrigation

V. Weather Forecasting (天气预报)

• A. Weather Symbols (天气符号)
  • Examples: sun, clouds, rain, snow, thunder
  • Interpretation: understanding the symbols on weather maps
• B. Temperature Scales (温度刻度)
  • Celsius (°C)
  • Fahrenheit (°F)
  • Conversion: understanding how to convert between Celsius and Fahrenheit
• C. Wind Speed (风速)
  • Units: miles per hour (mph), kilometers per hour (km/h), knots
  • Beaufort scale: describing wind strength based on observations
• D. Weather Maps (天气地图)
  • Isobars: lines connecting areas of equal atmospheric pressure
  • Fronts: boundaries between air masses (cold front, warm front, stationary front)
• E. Weather Instruments (气象仪器)
  • Thermometer: measures temperature
  • Barometer: measures atmospheric pressure
  • Anemometer: measures wind speed
  • Rain gauge: measures rainfall

VI. Related Vocabulary (相关词汇)

• A. Seasons (季节)
  • Spring (春季)
  • Summer (夏季)
  • Autumn/Fall (秋季)
  • Winter (冬季)
• B. Adjectives (形容词)
  • Clear, bright, sunny, cloudy, rainy, snowy, windy, foggy, hot, warm, cool, cold, freezing, stormy, humid, dry
• C. Verbs (动词)
  • Rain, snow, blow, shine, freeze, thaw, pour, drizzle
• D. Idioms (成语)
  • "Under the weather" (身体不舒服)
  • "Come rain or shine" (风雨无阻)
  • "Save for a rainy day" (未雨绸缪)
  • "A fair-weather friend" (只能同甘不能共苦的朋友)

VII. Using Weather in Conversation (在对话中使用天气)

• A. Asking about the weather (询问天气)
  • "What's the weather like today?"
  • "How's the weather?"
  • "Is it raining outside?"
• B. Describing the weather (描述天气)
  • "It's a beautiful day."
  • "It's cold and windy."
  • "The sun is shining."
• C. Expressing opinions about the weather (表达对天气的看法)
  • "I love sunny days."
  • "I hate rainy weather."
  • "It's too hot for me."
• D. Planning activities based on the weather (根据天气计划活动)
  • "Let's go for a walk since it's sunny."
  • "We should stay inside because it's raining."
  • "I'm going skiing if it snows."

VIII. Impact of Climate Change on Weather (气候变化对天气的影响)

• A. Rising temperatures (气温升高)
  • Impacts: melting glaciers, sea level rise, more frequent heatwaves
• B. More extreme weather events (更多极端天气事件)
  • Impacts: increased frequency and intensity of hurricanes, droughts, floods
• C. Changes in precipitation patterns (降水模式改变)
  • Impacts: some areas become drier, others become wetter
• D. Addressing climate change (应对气候变化)
  • Mitigation: reducing greenhouse gas emissions
  • Adaptation: preparing for the impacts of climate change

IX. Resources for Learning about Weather (学习天气的资源)

• A. Websites (网站)
  • National Weather Service (国家气象局)
  • The Weather Channel (气象频道)
  • AccuWeather (雅虎天气)
• B. Books (书籍)
  • Weather textbooks
  • Popular science books about weather and climate
• C. Mobile Apps (手机应用)
  • Weather apps for current conditions and forecasts
• D. Documentaries (纪录片)
  • Documentaries about extreme weather and climate change