《非谓语动词思维导图》
一、总览
1. 定义
- 非谓语动词是在句子中不作谓语的动词形式。
- 仍然保留动词的某些特征,如可以带宾语、状语等。
2. 类型
- 不定式 (Infinitive)
- 动名词 (Gerund)
- 分词 (Participle)
- 现在分词 (Present Participle)
- 过去分词 (Past Participle)
3. 功能
- 名词性功能:主语、宾语、表语、同位语
- 形容词性功能:定语
- 副词性功能:状语(目的、原因、结果、条件、时间、让步、伴随)
二、不定式 (Infinitive)
1. 形式
- to do: 一般式
- to be doing: 进行式
- to have done: 完成式
- to have been doing: 完成进行式
- to be done: 被动式
- to have been done: 完成被动式
- 不带 to 的不定式 (Bare Infinitive)
- 情态动词后
- 感官动词 (see, hear, feel, watch) 后 (主动意义,表示动作全过程)
- 使役动词 (make, let, have) 后 (主动意义,表示动作全过程)
- would rather, had better, had sooner, why not 等固定短语后
- help 动词后 (to 可省略)
2. 用法
- 名词性功能
- 主语
- To see is to believe.
- It is + adj. + to do… (形式主语)
- 宾语
- I want to go home.
- agree, decide, hope, plan, wish, refuse 等动词后
- 宾语补足语 (感官动词/使役动词 + sb + to do/do)
- 表语
- My dream is to become a doctor.
- 同位语
- The decision to give up was not easy.
- 主语
- 形容词性功能
- 定语
- I have a lot of work to do. (修饰 work)
- the first/last/only/next/best + to do
- 定语
- 副词性功能
- 目的状语
- He studies hard to pass the exam. (in order to/so as to)
- 结果状语
- He ran too fast to catch up with them. (too…to…)
- He is old enough to go to school. (enough to…)
- 原因状语
- I'm glad to see you.
- 条件状语
- To tell the truth, I don't like him.
- 评价状语
- It is silly to do that.
- 目的状语
- 独立主格结构
- To be frank, I don't agree with you.
3. 注意事项
- 省略 to 的情况
- 不定式作宾补时,注意主谓关系。
三、动名词 (Gerund)
1. 形式
- doing: 一般式
- being done: 被动式
- having done: 完成式
- having been done: 完成被动式
2. 用法
- 名词性功能
- 主语
- Swimming is my favorite sport.
- 宾语
- I enjoy playing football.
- admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, practice, suggest 等动词后
- 介词后 (of, in, on, at, for, by, from, about, with, without 等)
- 固定短语后 (look forward to, be used to, devote…to, get down to, insist on, succeed in, prevent…from, be busy doing, have difficulty/trouble (in) doing)
- 表语
- His hobby is collecting stamps.
- 同位语
- The idea of going to the beach sounds great.
- 主语
3. 动名词的逻辑主语
- 物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词
- 例:I don’t like his smoking here.
4. 注意事项
- 区分动名词和现在分词的区别。
- 某些动词后既可以跟不定式,也可以跟动名词,但含义不同。
- remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean 等
四、分词 (Participle)
1. 现在分词 (Present Participle)
- 形式: doing
- 含义: 主动,进行中
- 用法
- 形容词性功能
- 定语
- The running water is clear. (前置定语)
- The man standing over there is my teacher. (后置定语)
- 定语
- 副词性功能
- 状语
- 时间: Hearing the news, he jumped up.
- 原因: Being ill, he didn't go to school.
- 结果: He worked hard, making a lot of money.
- 伴随: He sat there, reading a book.
- 条件: Judging from the weather, it will rain soon.
- 状语
- 作表语
- The situation is exciting.
- 作宾语补足语
- I saw him running down the street.
- 形容词性功能
- 独立主格结构
- The weather being fine, we went for a picnic.
2. 过去分词 (Past Participle)
- 形式: done
- 含义: 被动,完成
- 用法
- 形容词性功能
- 定语
- The broken window has been repaired. (前置定语)
- The book written by Mark Twain is interesting. (后置定语)
- 定语
- 副词性功能
- 状语
- 时间: Once bitten, twice shy.
- 原因: Given more time, I could have done better.
- 条件: Seen from here, the mountain looks beautiful.
- 让步: Though defeated, he didn't give up.
- 状语
- 作表语
- The door is closed.
- 作宾语补足语
- I want the work finished by tomorrow.
- 形容词性功能
- 独立主格结构
- All things considered, we should accept their offer.
3. 注意事项
- 区分现在分词和过去分词,关键看与被修饰词之间的关系 (主动/被动)。
- 分词作状语时,要注意逻辑主语。
- 分词短语的位置,以及是否使用逗号分隔。
五、总结
理解非谓语动词的关键在于理解其本质,掌握其形式、功能和用法,并注意区分不同类型之间的区别,同时注意与句子其他成分的逻辑关系。 多练习,多积累,才能熟练运用。