《初中被动语态思维导图》
I. 引言
- 被动语态是英语语法的重要组成部分,理解和掌握被动语态对于提高阅读理解和写作能力至关重要。
- 思维导图是一种有效的学习工具,能够帮助学生更好地梳理知识结构,加深记忆,提高学习效率。
- 本思维导图旨在帮助初中生系统地学习和复习被动语态,掌握其基本结构、用法和注意事项。
II. 被动语态的定义和构成
A. 定义
- 主动语态:主语是动作的执行者 (Subject + Verb + Object)。
- 例如:The dog chased the cat.
- 被动语态:主语是动作的承受者 (Subject + Be + Past Participle + (by + Agent))。
- 例如:The cat was chased by the dog.
- 强调动作的承受者,或者不知道/不重要动作的执行者时使用被动语态。
B. 构成
- 基本结构:be + 过去分词
be
动词根据时态进行变化:is, are, am, was, were, has been, have been, is being, are being, was being, were being, will be, is going to be, should be, can be, must be, etc.- 过去分词:规则动词加 -ed,不规则动词需要记忆。
by
短语 (可选):表明动作的执行者。- 当动作的执行者不重要、未知、不言而喻或不想提及时,可以省略
by
短语。 - 例如:The window was broken (by someone).
- 当动作的执行者不重要、未知、不言而喻或不想提及时,可以省略
- 例句:
- Active: The teacher corrects the homework.
- Passive: The homework is corrected by the teacher.
III. 被动语态的时态变化
A. 一般现在时
- 构成:am/is/are + 过去分词
- 例句:
- Active: They clean the room every day.
- Passive: The room is cleaned every day.
B. 一般过去时
- 构成:was/were + 过去分词
- 例句:
- Active: The cat ate the fish.
- Passive: The fish was eaten by the cat.
C. 一般将来时
- 构成:will be + 过去分词 / is/are/am going to be + 过去分词
- 例句:
- Active: They will build a new school.
- Passive: A new school will be built.
- Active: They are going to build a new school.
- Passive: A new school is going to be built.
D. 现在进行时
- 构成:am/is/are being + 过去分词
- 例句:
- Active: They are painting the house.
- Passive: The house is being painted.
E. 过去进行时
- 构成:was/were being + 过去分词
- 例句:
- Active: They were repairing the car.
- Passive: The car was being repaired.
F. 现在完成时
- 构成:have/has been + 过去分词
- 例句:
- Active: They have finished the work.
- Passive: The work has been finished.
G. 过去完成时
- 构成:had been + 过去分词
- 例句:
- Active: They had cleaned the room before I arrived.
- Passive: The room had been cleaned before I arrived.
H. 情态动词 + 被动语态
- 构成:情态动词 + be + 过去分词
- 常见情态动词:can, could, should, must, may, might, will, would, have to, ought to
- 例句:
- Active: You must finish the work.
- Passive: The work must be finished.
- Active: We should protect the environment.
- Passive: The environment should be protected.
IV. 被动语态的用法
A. 强调动作的承受者
- 当强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时,使用被动语态。
- 例句:The letter was delivered yesterday. (强调 letter 被送达)
B. 不知道或不重要动作的执行者
- 当不知道或者不重要动作的执行者是谁时,使用被动语态。
- 例句:The window was broken. (不知道谁打破的)
C. 避免重复提及
- 当已经提及过动作的执行者,为了避免重复,可以使用被动语态。
- 例句:The book was written by him. He is a famous writer. (已经知道是他写的,后面的句子可以用 he)
D. 正式文体
- 在正式文体中,如科技报告、新闻报道等,被动语态的使用更为常见。
- 例句:The experiment was conducted in the laboratory.
V. 被动语态的注意事项
A. 及物动词才能用于被动语态
- 只有及物动词才能转换为被动语态。
- 不及物动词不能用于被动语态。
- 例如:The bird flies. (不及物动词,不能变成被动语态)
B. 某些动词的特殊用法
- 某些动词在转换为被动语态时,介词的选择需要注意。
- be known to… (被…知道)
- be covered with… (被…覆盖)
- be filled with… (被…充满)
- be interested in… (对…感兴趣)
C. 带有情态动词的被动语态
- 需要注意情态动词的用法和含义。
- 例如:must be done (必须被做),can be done (可以被做),should be done (应该被做)
D. 含有宾语补足语的被动语态
- 主动语态的宾语补足语在变成被动语态时, 常常保留。
- Active: We elected him monitor.
- Passive: He was elected monitor by us.
VI. 练习与总结
- 通过练习,巩固所学知识。
- 总结被动语态的定义、构成、时态变化、用法和注意事项。
- 在实际运用中,灵活运用被动语态,提高英语表达能力。
VII. 扩展学习
- 了解不同语境下被动语态的细微差别。
- 学习高级被动语态的用法,如:It is said that…
- 通过阅读英文文章,体会被动语态的实际应用。