初中被动语态思维导图

《初中被动语态思维导图》

I. 引言

  • 被动语态是英语语法的重要组成部分,理解和掌握被动语态对于提高阅读理解和写作能力至关重要。
  • 思维导图是一种有效的学习工具,能够帮助学生更好地梳理知识结构,加深记忆,提高学习效率。
  • 本思维导图旨在帮助初中生系统地学习和复习被动语态,掌握其基本结构、用法和注意事项。

II. 被动语态的定义和构成

A. 定义

  • 主动语态:主语是动作的执行者 (Subject + Verb + Object)。
    • 例如:The dog chased the cat.
  • 被动语态:主语是动作的承受者 (Subject + Be + Past Participle + (by + Agent))。
    • 例如:The cat was chased by the dog.
  • 强调动作的承受者,或者不知道/不重要动作的执行者时使用被动语态。

B. 构成

  • 基本结构:be + 过去分词
    • be动词根据时态进行变化:is, are, am, was, were, has been, have been, is being, are being, was being, were being, will be, is going to be, should be, can be, must be, etc.
    • 过去分词:规则动词加 -ed,不规则动词需要记忆。
  • by短语 (可选):表明动作的执行者。
    • 当动作的执行者不重要、未知、不言而喻或不想提及时,可以省略 by 短语。
    • 例如:The window was broken (by someone).
  • 例句:
    • Active: The teacher corrects the homework.
    • Passive: The homework is corrected by the teacher.

III. 被动语态的时态变化

A. 一般现在时

  • 构成:am/is/are + 过去分词
  • 例句:
    • Active: They clean the room every day.
    • Passive: The room is cleaned every day.

B. 一般过去时

  • 构成:was/were + 过去分词
  • 例句:
    • Active: The cat ate the fish.
    • Passive: The fish was eaten by the cat.

C. 一般将来时

  • 构成:will be + 过去分词 / is/are/am going to be + 过去分词
  • 例句:
    • Active: They will build a new school.
    • Passive: A new school will be built.
    • Active: They are going to build a new school.
    • Passive: A new school is going to be built.

D. 现在进行时

  • 构成:am/is/are being + 过去分词
  • 例句:
    • Active: They are painting the house.
    • Passive: The house is being painted.

E. 过去进行时

  • 构成:was/were being + 过去分词
  • 例句:
    • Active: They were repairing the car.
    • Passive: The car was being repaired.

F. 现在完成时

  • 构成:have/has been + 过去分词
  • 例句:
    • Active: They have finished the work.
    • Passive: The work has been finished.

G. 过去完成时

  • 构成:had been + 过去分词
  • 例句:
    • Active: They had cleaned the room before I arrived.
    • Passive: The room had been cleaned before I arrived.

H. 情态动词 + 被动语态

  • 构成:情态动词 + be + 过去分词
  • 常见情态动词:can, could, should, must, may, might, will, would, have to, ought to
  • 例句:
    • Active: You must finish the work.
    • Passive: The work must be finished.
    • Active: We should protect the environment.
    • Passive: The environment should be protected.

IV. 被动语态的用法

A. 强调动作的承受者

  • 当强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时,使用被动语态。
  • 例句:The letter was delivered yesterday. (强调 letter 被送达)

B. 不知道或不重要动作的执行者

  • 当不知道或者不重要动作的执行者是谁时,使用被动语态。
  • 例句:The window was broken. (不知道谁打破的)

C. 避免重复提及

  • 当已经提及过动作的执行者,为了避免重复,可以使用被动语态。
  • 例句:The book was written by him. He is a famous writer. (已经知道是他写的,后面的句子可以用 he)

D. 正式文体

  • 在正式文体中,如科技报告、新闻报道等,被动语态的使用更为常见。
  • 例句:The experiment was conducted in the laboratory.

V. 被动语态的注意事项

A. 及物动词才能用于被动语态

  • 只有及物动词才能转换为被动语态。
  • 不及物动词不能用于被动语态。
    • 例如:The bird flies. (不及物动词,不能变成被动语态)

B. 某些动词的特殊用法

  • 某些动词在转换为被动语态时,介词的选择需要注意。
    • be known to… (被…知道)
    • be covered with… (被…覆盖)
    • be filled with… (被…充满)
    • be interested in… (对…感兴趣)

C. 带有情态动词的被动语态

  • 需要注意情态动词的用法和含义。
  • 例如:must be done (必须被做),can be done (可以被做),should be done (应该被做)

D. 含有宾语补足语的被动语态

  • 主动语态的宾语补足语在变成被动语态时, 常常保留。
  • Active: We elected him monitor.
  • Passive: He was elected monitor by us.

VI. 练习与总结

  • 通过练习,巩固所学知识。
  • 总结被动语态的定义、构成、时态变化、用法和注意事项。
  • 在实际运用中,灵活运用被动语态,提高英语表达能力。

VII. 扩展学习

  • 了解不同语境下被动语态的细微差别。
  • 学习高级被动语态的用法,如:It is said that…
  • 通过阅读英文文章,体会被动语态的实际应用。
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