《初中被动语态思维导图》

I. 引言

• 被动语态是英语语法的重要组成部分，理解和掌握被动语态对于提高阅读理解和写作能力至关重要。
• 思维导图是一种有效的学习工具，能够帮助学生更好地梳理知识结构，加深记忆，提高学习效率。
• 本思维导图旨在帮助初中生系统地学习和复习被动语态，掌握其基本结构、用法和注意事项。

II. 被动语态的定义和构成

A. 定义

• 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者 (Subject + Verb + Object)。
  • 例如：The dog chased the cat.
• 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者 (Subject + Be + Past Participle + (by + Agent))。
  • 例如：The cat was chased by the dog.
• 强调动作的承受者，或者不知道/不重要动作的执行者时使用被动语态。

B. 构成

• 基本结构：be + 过去分词
  • be动词根据时态进行变化：is, are, am, was, were, has been, have been, is being, are being, was being, were being, will be, is going to be, should be, can be, must be, etc.
  • 过去分词：规则动词加 -ed，不规则动词需要记忆。
• by短语 (可选)：表明动作的执行者。
  • 当动作的执行者不重要、未知、不言而喻或不想提及时，可以省略 by 短语。
  • 例如：The window was broken (by someone).
• 例句：
  • Active: The teacher corrects the homework.
  • Passive: The homework is corrected by the teacher.

III. 被动语态的时态变化

A. 一般现在时

• 构成：am/is/are + 过去分词
• 例句：
  • Active: They clean the room every day.
  • Passive: The room is cleaned every day.

B. 一般过去时

• 构成：was/were + 过去分词
• 例句：
  • Active: The cat ate the fish.
  • Passive: The fish was eaten by the cat.

C. 一般将来时

• 构成：will be + 过去分词 / is/are/am going to be + 过去分词
• 例句：
  • Active: They will build a new school.
  • Passive: A new school will be built.
  • Active: They are going to build a new school.
  • Passive: A new school is going to be built.

D. 现在进行时

• 构成：am/is/are being + 过去分词
• 例句：
  • Active: They are painting the house.
  • Passive: The house is being painted.

E. 过去进行时

• 构成：was/were being + 过去分词
• 例句：
  • Active: They were repairing the car.
  • Passive: The car was being repaired.

F. 现在完成时

• 构成：have/has been + 过去分词
• 例句：
  • Active: They have finished the work.
  • Passive: The work has been finished.

G. 过去完成时

• 构成：had been + 过去分词
• 例句：
  • Active: They had cleaned the room before I arrived.
  • Passive: The room had been cleaned before I arrived.

H. 情态动词 + 被动语态

• 构成：情态动词 + be + 过去分词
• 常见情态动词：can, could, should, must, may, might, will, would, have to, ought to
• 例句：
  • Active: You must finish the work.
  • Passive: The work must be finished.
  • Active: We should protect the environment.
  • Passive: The environment should be protected.

IV. 被动语态的用法

A. 强调动作的承受者

• 当强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，使用被动语态。
• 例句：The letter was delivered yesterday. (强调 letter 被送达)

B. 不知道或不重要动作的执行者

• 当不知道或者不重要动作的执行者是谁时，使用被动语态。
• 例句：The window was broken. (不知道谁打破的)

C. 避免重复提及

• 当已经提及过动作的执行者，为了避免重复，可以使用被动语态。
• 例句：The book was written by him. He is a famous writer. (已经知道是他写的，后面的句子可以用 he)

D. 正式文体

• 在正式文体中，如科技报告、新闻报道等，被动语态的使用更为常见。
• 例句：The experiment was conducted in the laboratory.

V. 被动语态的注意事项

A. 及物动词才能用于被动语态

• 只有及物动词才能转换为被动语态。
• 不及物动词不能用于被动语态。
  • 例如：The bird flies. (不及物动词，不能变成被动语态)

B. 某些动词的特殊用法

• 某些动词在转换为被动语态时，介词的选择需要注意。
  • be known to… (被…知道)
  • be covered with… (被…覆盖)
  • be filled with… (被…充满)
  • be interested in… (对…感兴趣)

C. 带有情态动词的被动语态

• 需要注意情态动词的用法和含义。
• 例如：must be done (必须被做)，can be done (可以被做)，should be done (应该被做)

D. 含有宾语补足语的被动语态

• 主动语态的宾语补足语在变成被动语态时, 常常保留。
• Active: We elected him monitor.
• Passive: He was elected monitor by us.

VI. 练习与总结

• 通过练习，巩固所学知识。
• 总结被动语态的定义、构成、时态变化、用法和注意事项。
• 在实际运用中，灵活运用被动语态，提高英语表达能力。

VII. 扩展学习

• 了解不同语境下被动语态的细微差别。
• 学习高级被动语态的用法，如：It is said that…
• 通过阅读英文文章，体会被动语态的实际应用。

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