《一般现在时的思维导图》

一般现在时 (Simple Present Tense)

1. 核心概念与定义 (Core Concept & Definition)

• 基本含义: 描述当前存在的状态、经常性或习惯性的动作、普遍真理或客观事实。它通常不强调动作发生的具体时间点，而是着眼于其恒常性、重复性或真实性。
• 时间参照: 通常与现在有关，但不一定指“此时此刻”正在发生的动作（那是现在进行时的范畴）。它可以涵盖过去、现在和将来都适用的情况（如真理、习惯）。

2. 结构与构成 (Structure & Formation)

• 基本形式: 动词原形 (Base Form / Infinitive without 'to')

• 特殊变化: 第三人称单数 (Third-person singular: he, she, it, singular nouns like 'John', 'the cat') 作主语时，动词需要变化。

  • 肯定句 (Affirmative Sentences):

    • 主语 (非第三人称单数) + 动词原形 + (其他)
      • I work hard.
      • You speak English.
      • We like music.
      • They play football every Sunday.
      • My parents live in Beijing.
    • 主语 (第三人称单数) + 动词 + -s/-es/-ies + (其他)
      • 一般情况: 加 -s
        • He works hard.
        • She speaks English.
        • It looks nice.
        • The cat sleeps.
      • 以 -s, -x, -ch, -sh, -o 结尾: 加 -es (读 /ɪz/)
        • He watches TV. (watch -> watches)
        • She fixes cars. (fix -> fixes)
        • It goes fast. (go -> goes)
        • John washes his hands. (wash -> washes)
        • The bus passes here. (pass -> passes)
      • 以 "辅音字母 + y" 结尾: 变 y 为 i 再加 -es (读 /aɪz/ 或 /ɪz/)
        • She studies hard. (study -> studies)
        • He tries his best. (try -> tries)
        • The baby cries loudly. (cry -> cries)
      • 注意: 以 "元音字母 + y" 结尾的动词，直接加 -s
        • He plays the piano. (play -> plays)
        • She enjoys the party. (enjoy -> enjoys)

  • 否定句 (Negative Sentences):

    • 主语 (非第三人称单数) + do not (don't) + 动词原形 + (其他)
      • I don't work hard.
      • You don't speak French.
      • We don't like horror movies.
      • They don't play football on weekdays.
    • 主语 (第三人称单数) + does not (doesn't) + 动词原形 + (其他) (注意：助动词 does 已体现第三人称单数，后面的主动词用原形)
      • He doesn't work hard. (不是 doesn't works)
      • She doesn't speak French.
      • It doesn't look nice.
      • The cat doesn't sleep much.

  • 一般疑问句 (Yes/No Questions):

    • Do + 主语 (非第三人称单数) + 动词原形 + (其他)?
      • Do you work hard? -> Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
      • Do they like music? -> Yes, they do. / No, they don't.
    • Does + 主语 (第三人称单数) + 动词原形 + (其他)? (注意：主动词用原形)
      • Does he work hard? -> Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
      • Does she speak French? -> Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.
      • Does the cat sleep much? -> Yes, it does. / No, it doesn't.

  • 特殊疑问句 (Wh- Questions):

    • 疑问词 + do + 主语 (非三单) + 动词原形 + (其他)?
      • Where do you live?
      • What do they eat for breakfast?
    • 疑问词 + does + 主语 (三单) + 动词原形 + (其他)?
      • Where does she work?
      • What time does the train leave?
    • 当疑问词作主语或修饰主语时: 结构类似肯定句，动词根据疑问词（通常视为第三人称单数）进行变化。
      • Who likes chocolate? (Who 被视为三单)
      • What happens next? (What 被视为三单)
      • Which bus goes downtown? (Which bus 被视为三单)

3. 主要用法与功能 (Main Uses & Functions)

• 表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态 (Habits & Routines):

  • 常与频度副词 (adverbs of frequency) 连用。
  • I usually get up at 7 AM.
  • She always drinks coffee in the morning.
  • They often play basketball after school.
  • He visits his grandparents every weekend.

• 表示普遍真理、客观事实或科学定律 (General Truths & Facts):

  • 这些描述不受时间限制。
  • The Earth revolves around the Sun.
  • Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
  • Tigers are wild animals.
  • Two plus two equals four.

• 表示主语的性格、能力或当前状态 (Character, Ability, Current State - often with stative verbs):

  • 描述相对稳定持久的特征或状态。
  • He speaks fluent Chinese. (能力)
  • She seems happy today. (当前状态/感觉)
  • This bag belongs to me. (归属状态)
  • I understand your point. (认知状态)
  • We believe in honesty. (信念状态)

• 表示按计划或时刻表将要发生的动作 (Scheduled Future Events):

  • 多用于公共交通、日程安排、节目预告等。
  • The train leaves at 8:00 PM tonight.
  • The meeting starts in five minutes.
  • Our flight departs from Gate 9.
  • The semester ends next Friday.

• 用于格言、警句或说明书、指南中 (Proverbs, Instructions, Guides):

  • 表达普遍适用的建议或操作步骤。
  • Practice makes perfect. (格言)
  • First, you open the box. (说明)
  • Push this button to start. (指南)

• 用于新闻标题、体育赛事解说、故事叙述 (Headlines, Commentaries, Storytelling - Historical Present):

  • 使报道或叙述更生动、更具现场感。
  • Man bites dog! (新闻标题)
  • He passes the ball... and he scores! (体育解说)
  • So, I walk into the room, and guess what I see... (讲故事)

4. 常用时间状语/频度副词 (Common Time Expressions / Adverbs of Frequency)

• 频度副词 (位置通常在行为动词前，be动词/助动词后):
  • always (总是)
  • usually / normally / generally (通常)
  • often / frequently (经常)
  • sometimes / occasionally (有时)
  • seldom / rarely (很少)
  • hardly ever (几乎从不)
  • never (从不)
• 表示频率的时间短语 (通常放句末，也可放句首):
  • every day/week/month/year
  • once/twice/three times a day/week...
  • on Sundays / on weekdays
  • in the morning/afternoon/evening
  • at weekends (BrE) / on weekends (AmE)
  • from time to time (时不时)

5. 特殊动词: be 的一般现在时

• be 动词形式不规则，不遵循 do/does 规则。
• 形式: am (用于 I), is (用于 he/she/it/单数名词), are (用于 you/we/they/复数名词)
• 肯定句: 主语 + am/is/are + (其他)
  • I am a student.
  • She is happy.
  • They are doctors.
• 否定句: 主语 + am/is/are + not + (其他) (缩写: isn't, aren't, 但 am not 通常不缩写为 amn't，可用 I'm not)
  • I am not tired. / I'm not tired.
  • He isn't here.
  • We aren't ready.
• 一般疑问句: Am/Is/Are + 主语 + (其他)?
  • Am I right? -> Yes, you are. / No, you aren't.
  • Is she happy? -> Yes, she is. / No, she isn't.
  • Are they doctors? -> Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.
• 特殊疑问句: 疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + (其他)? (当疑问词作主语时，结构类似肯定句，通常用 is)
  • Where are you?
  • Who is that man?
  • What is your name?

6. 注意事项与常见错误 (Key Points & Common Mistakes)

• 第三人称单数 -s/-es: 最常见的错误是忘记添加或错误添加 (如在否定句/疑问句中仍加 -s)。
• 否定句和疑问句中 do/does 的使用: 必须使用助动词 do/does（be动词除外），且后面的主动词必须用原形。
• 与现在进行时的混淆: 一般现在时表示常态、事实、习惯；现在进行时表示“此时此刻”正在进行的动作或临时性安排。
  • He speaks English. (他会说英语 - 能力/事实) vs. He is speaking English. (他现在正在说英语 - 进行中的动作)
  • She lives in London. (常住地) vs. She is living with her aunt for a few weeks. (临时居住)
• 状态动词 (Stative Verbs): 如 like, love, hate, know, believe, understand, want, need, seem, appear, belong to, own, have (表示拥有时) 等通常不用进行时态，即使描述当前状态也用一般现在时。
  • I need help now. (不是 I am needing help now.)
  • Do you understand the question? (不是 Are you understanding...?)
• 频度副词的位置: 需注意其在句中的常规位置。