《形容词副词思维导图》
一、形容词 (Adjectives)
1. 定义与作用
- 定义: 用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征等。
- 作用:
- 修饰名词: 描述名词的特征、性质、状态等 (e.g., a beautiful flower, a tall building).
- 作表语: 连接系动词,说明主语的性质或状态 (e.g., The sky is blue., She seems happy.).
- 作宾语补足语: 补充说明宾语的性质或状态 (e.g., I found the book interesting., They painted the door red.).
- 作定语: 修饰名词短语 (e.g., a man of courage, a matter of importance).
2. 形容词的种类
- 描述性形容词: 描述事物的外形、颜色、大小、质地等 (e.g., red, large, soft, round).
- 数量形容词: 表示事物的数量 (e.g., one, two, many, few, some, any).
- 基数词: 表示数量 (e.g., one, ten, hundred).
- 序数词: 表示顺序 (e.g., first, second, last).
- 指示形容词: 指示或标明人或事物 (e.g., this, that, these, those).
- 疑问形容词: 用于提问,修饰名词 (e.g., which, whose, what).
- 所有格形容词: 表示所属关系 (e.g., my, your, his, her, its, our, their).
- 专有名词形容词: 由专有名词派生而来 (e.g., Chinese history, American culture).
- 物主代词形容词性 (Possessive Adjectives): 其实就是所有格形容词。
3. 形容词的位置
- 前置定语: 通常位于被修饰的名词之前 (e.g., a beautiful day).
- 后置定语:
- 当形容词修饰不定代词 (e.g., something important, anything interesting).
- 当形容词短语较长时 (e.g., The man responsible for the accident...).
- 一些以“-able/-ible”结尾的形容词 (e.g., all forces possible, every means available).
- 表语: 位于系动词之后 (e.g., She is happy.).
- 宾语补足语: 位于宾语之后 (e.g., I consider him honest.).
4. 形容词的比较级与最高级
- 规则变化:
- 单音节形容词: 加“-er” (比较级) 和 “-est” (最高级) (e.g., tall, taller, tallest).
- 结尾是“辅音+元音+辅音”的单词,要双写最后一个辅音 (e.g., big, bigger, biggest).
- 多音节形容词: 用 “more” (比较级) 和 “most” (最高级) (e.g., beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful).
- 单音节形容词: 加“-er” (比较级) 和 “-est” (最高级) (e.g., tall, taller, tallest).
- 不规则变化: 需要记忆 (e.g., good/well, better, best; bad, worse, worst; far, farther/further, farthest/furthest).
- 比较级的用法: 表示两者之间的比较,通常与 “than” 连用 (e.g., She is taller than her brother.).
- 最高级的用法: 表示三者或以上之间的比较,通常与 “the” 连用 (e.g., He is the tallest in the class.).
二、副词 (Adverbs)
1. 定义与作用
- 定义: 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。
- 作用:
- 修饰动词: 描述动作的方式、时间、地点等 (e.g., He runs quickly., She arrived yesterday., They live here.).
- 修饰形容词: 增强或减弱形容词的程度 (e.g., very beautiful, extremely difficult).
- 修饰副词: 增强或减弱副词的程度 (e.g., too quickly, quite easily).
- 修饰整个句子: 表示说话人的态度或观点 (e.g., Fortunately, it didn't rain., Obviously, he is wrong.).
2. 副词的种类
- 方式副词: 表示动作的方式或状态 (e.g., quickly, slowly, carefully, happily).
- 时间副词: 表示动作发生的时间 (e.g., now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, later, recently).
- 地点副词: 表示动作发生的地点 (e.g., here, there, everywhere, nowhere, up, down, inside, outside).
- 程度副词: 表示动作的程度 (e.g., very, extremely, quite, rather, too, enough, almost, nearly).
- 频率副词: 表示动作发生的频率 (e.g., always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never).
- 连接副词: 连接两个句子或分句,并表示一定的逻辑关系 (e.g., however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, consequently).
- 疑问副词: 用于提问,表示时间、地点、方式、原因等 (e.g., when, where, how, why).
- 关系副词: 引导定语从句,修饰先行词 (e.g., when, where, why).
3. 副词的位置
- 修饰动词:
- 方式副词通常位于动词之后或宾语之后 (e.g., He speaks English fluently., She sang the song beautifully.).
- 时间副词和地点副词的位置比较灵活,可以位于句首、句中或句末。
- 修饰形容词/副词: 通常位于被修饰的形容词/副词之前 (e.g., very interesting, too slowly).
- 修饰整个句子: 通常位于句首 (e.g., Fortunately, he survived.).
- 频率副词: 通常位于系动词之后,实义动词之前 (e.g., He is always late., She often goes to the cinema.). 如果句中有助动词或情态动词,则频率副词位于它们之后,实义动词之前 (e.g., You should always brush your teeth.).
4. 副词的比较级与最高级
- 规则变化: 与多音节形容词类似,用 “more” (比较级) 和 “most” (最高级) (e.g., quickly, more quickly, most quickly).
- 不规则变化: 与形容词类似,需要记忆 (e.g., well, better, best; badly, worse, worst; far, farther/further, farthest/furthest).
- 用法: 与形容词的比较级和最高级类似.
5. 形容词与副词的转换
- 通常情况下,在形容词后加“-ly”可以构成副词 (e.g., quick - quickly, happy - happily).
- 少数形容词和副词同形 (e.g., fast, hard, late, early).
- 要注意一些特殊变化,例如以“y”结尾的形容词变为副词时,通常将“y”改为“i”再加“-ly” (e.g., easy - easily).
- “good” 的副词形式是 “well”。