过去式的思维导图

# 《过去式的思维导图》

## 一、核心概念：过去式

### 1.1 定义

*   描述过去发生的动作或状态
*   时间状语：yesterday, last week, ago, in the past, etc.
*   与现在或将来无关

### 1.2 重要性

*   叙述故事、经历、历史事件的基础
*   理解和构建时间顺序
*   准确表达已完成的行动

## 二、规则动词过去式

### 2.1 基本规则

*   词尾加 -ed
    *   work → worked
    *   play → played
    *   visit → visited

### 2.2 特殊规则

#### 2.2.1 以 e 结尾的动词

*   词尾加 -d
    *   love → loved
    *   like → liked
    *   believe → believed

#### 2.2.2 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词

*   将 y 改为 i，再加 -ed
    *   study → studied
    *   cry → cried
    *   try → tried

#### 2.2.3 重读闭音节动词

*   双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ed
    *   stop → stopped
    *   plan → planned
    *   drop → dropped
*   例外：
    *   fix → fixed (x 不双写)
    *   focus → focused (重音不在最后一个音节)

#### 2.2.4 以 l 结尾的动词 (英式英语)

*   双写 l，再加 -ed (美式英语一般不双写)
    *   travel → travelled (英) / traveled (美)
    *   signal → signalled (英) / signaled (美)

### 2.3 发音规则 (-ed)

*   /t/ : 动词词尾是清辅音 (p, k, f, s, sh, ch, th)
    *   worked /wɜːkt/
    *   helped /helpt/
    *   watched /wɒtʃt/
*   /d/ : 动词词尾是浊辅音 (b, g, v, z, zh, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, l, r) 或元音
    *   played /pleɪd/
    *   cleaned /kliːnd/
    *   lived /lɪvd/
*   /ɪd/ : 动词词尾是 t 或 d
    *   wanted /wɒntɪd/
    *   needed /niːdɪd/

## 三、不规则动词过去式

### 3.1 定义

*   过去式变化不遵循 -ed 规则的动词
*   必须记忆

### 3.2 常见不规则动词

*   **A类：原型、过去式、过去分词相同**
    *   cut → cut → cut
    *   hit → hit → hit
    *   hurt → hurt → hurt
    *   put → put → put
    *   shut → shut → shut
*   **B类：原型、过去式、过去分词不相同，但有相似性**
    *   sing → sang → sung
    *   drink → drank → drunk
    *   swim → swam → swum
    *   begin → began → begun
*   **C类：原型、过去式、过去分词完全不同**
    *   go → went → gone
    *   see → saw → seen
    *   eat → ate → eaten
    *   do → did → done
    *   be → was/were → been
    *   have → had → had
    *   make → made → made
    *   take → took → taken
    *   get → got → gotten (美) / got (英)
*   **D类：原型、过去式相同，过去分词不同**
    *   come → came → come
    *   become → became → become
    *   run → ran → run

### 3.3 学习方法

*   分组记忆 (按变化规律)
*   制作记忆卡片
*   语境中学习
*   反复练习

## 四、过去式的否定与疑问

### 4.1 否定句

*   did not (didn't) + 动词原形
    *   例：I didn't go to the party yesterday.
    *   例：She didn't study English last night.

### 4.2 疑问句

*   Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
    *   例：Did you see the movie last weekend?
    *   例：Did he finish his homework?
*   特殊疑问词 + did + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
    *   例：Where did you go last summer?
    *   例：What did she say to you?

### 4.3 短回答

*   肯定：Yes, 主语 + did.
    *   例：Yes, I did.
*   否定：No, 主语 + didn't.
    *   例：No, I didn't.

## 五、过去进行时 (was/were + doing)

### 5.1 定义

*   描述过去某个时间正在进行的动作
*   时间状语：at that time, when, while, as

### 5.2 用法

*   描述过去某一时刻正在发生的动作
    *   例：I was watching TV at 8 pm last night.
*   描述两个同时发生的动作，通常用 while 或 as 连接
    *   例：While I was studying, my sister was listening to music.
*   描述过去发生的动作被另一个动作打断
    *   例：I was walking down the street when I met my friend.

### 5.3 否定与疑问

*   否定：was/were + not (wasn't/weren't) + doing
    *   例：She wasn't sleeping when I called.
*   疑问：Was/Were + 主语 + doing + ?
    *   例：Were you playing games at 10 pm last night?

## 六、过去完成时 (had + done)

### 6.1 定义

*   描述过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作
*   强调动作完成的先后顺序

### 6.2 用法

*   表示在过去某个时间点之前已经发生的动作
    *   例：I had finished my work before he arrived.
*   用于表示未能实现的愿望或期望
    *   例：I had hoped to see her, but she had already left.

### 6.3 否定与疑问

*   否定：had + not (hadn't) + done
    *   例：She hadn't finished her homework by the time her parents arrived.
*   疑问：Had + 主语 + done + ?
    *   例：Had you ever been to China before you moved there?

## 七、总结与练习

### 7.1 总结

*   掌握规则动词和不规则动词的过去式变化
*   理解过去式、过去进行时和过去完成时的用法区别
*   注意时间状语的使用

### 7.2 练习

*   完成语法练习题
*   用过去式、过去进行时和过去完成时写一段故事
*   将现在时文章改写成过去时

通过思维导图的形式，系统梳理过去式的各种语法知识点，希望可以帮助大家更好地理解和掌握过去式。

《过去式的思维导图》

一、核心概念：过去式

1.1 定义

描述过去发生的动作或状态
时间状语：yesterday, last week, ago, in the past, etc.
与现在或将来无关

1.2 重要性

叙述故事、经历、历史事件的基础
理解和构建时间顺序
准确表达已完成的行动

二、规则动词过去式

2.1 基本规则

词尾加 -ed
- work → worked
- play → played
- visit → visited

2.2 特殊规则

2.2.1 以 e 结尾的动词

词尾加 -d
- love → loved
- like → liked
- believe → believed

2.2.2 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词

将 y 改为 i，再加 -ed
- study → studied
- cry → cried
- try → tried

2.2.3 重读闭音节动词

双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ed
- stop → stopped
- plan → planned
- drop → dropped
例外：
- fix → fixed (x 不双写)
- focus → focused (重音不在最后一个音节)

2.2.4 以 l 结尾的动词 (英式英语)

双写 l，再加 -ed (美式英语一般不双写)
- travel → travelled (英) / traveled (美)
- signal → signalled (英) / signaled (美)

2.3 发音规则 (-ed)

/t/ : 动词词尾是清辅音 (p, k, f, s, sh, ch, th)
- worked /wɜːkt/
- helped /helpt/
- watched /wɒtʃt/
/d/ : 动词词尾是浊辅音 (b, g, v, z, zh, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, l, r) 或元音
- played /pleɪd/
- cleaned /kliːnd/
- lived /lɪvd/
/ɪd/ : 动词词尾是 t 或 d
- wanted /wɒntɪd/
- needed /niːdɪd/

三、不规则动词过去式

3.1 定义

过去式变化不遵循 -ed 规则的动词
必须记忆

3.2 常见不规则动词

A类：原型、过去式、过去分词相同
- cut → cut → cut
- hit → hit → hit
- hurt → hurt → hurt
- put → put → put
- shut → shut → shut
B类：原型、过去式、过去分词不相同，但有相似性
- sing → sang → sung
- drink → drank → drunk
- swim → swam → swum
- begin → began → begun
C类：原型、过去式、过去分词完全不同
- go → went → gone
- see → saw → seen
- eat → ate → eaten
- do → did → done
- be → was/were → been
- have → had → had
- make → made → made
- take → took → taken
- get → got → gotten (美) / got (英)
D类：原型、过去式相同，过去分词不同
- come → came → come
- become → became → become
- run → ran → run

3.3 学习方法

分组记忆 (按变化规律)
制作记忆卡片
语境中学习
反复练习

四、过去式的否定与疑问

4.1 否定句

did not (didn't) + 动词原形
- 例：I didn't go to the party yesterday.
- 例：She didn't study English last night.

4.2 疑问句

Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
- 例：Did you see the movie last weekend?
- 例：Did he finish his homework?
特殊疑问词 + did + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
- 例：Where did you go last summer?
- 例：What did she say to you?

4.3 短回答

肯定：Yes, 主语 + did.
- 例：Yes, I did.
否定：No, 主语 + didn't.
- 例：No, I didn't.

五、过去进行时 (was/were + doing)

5.1 定义

描述过去某个时间正在进行的动作
时间状语：at that time, when, while, as

5.2 用法

描述过去某一时刻正在发生的动作
- 例：I was watching TV at 8 pm last night.
描述两个同时发生的动作，通常用 while 或 as 连接
- 例：While I was studying, my sister was listening to music.
描述过去发生的动作被另一个动作打断
- 例：I was walking down the street when I met my friend.

5.3 否定与疑问

否定：was/were + not (wasn't/weren't) + doing
- 例：She wasn't sleeping when I called.
疑问：Was/Were + 主语 + doing + ?
- 例：Were you playing games at 10 pm last night?

六、过去完成时 (had + done)

6.1 定义

描述过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作
强调动作完成的先后顺序

6.2 用法

表示在过去某个时间点之前已经发生的动作
- 例：I had finished my work before he arrived.
用于表示未能实现的愿望或期望
- 例：I had hoped to see her, but she had already left.

6.3 否定与疑问

否定：had + not (hadn't) + done
- 例：She hadn't finished her homework by the time her parents arrived.
疑问：Had + 主语 + done + ?
- 例：Had you ever been to China before you moved there?

七、总结与练习

7.1 总结

掌握规则动词和不规则动词的过去式变化
理解过去式、过去进行时和过去完成时的用法区别
注意时间状语的使用

7.2 练习

完成语法练习题
用过去式、过去进行时和过去完成时写一段故事
将现在时文章改写成过去时