《被子植物的一生思维导图七年级》

中心主题：被子植物的一生

I. 种子萌发 (Seed Germination)

• A. 种子结构 (Seed Structure)

  • 1. 种皮 (Seed Coat):
       • 保护作用 (Protection)
       • 防止水分散失 (Prevent water loss)
  • 2. 胚 (Embryo):
       • 胚根 (Radicle): 发育成根 (Develops into root)
       • 胚芽 (Plumule): 发育成茎和叶 (Develops into stem and leaves)
       • 胚轴 (Hypocotyl): 连接胚根和胚芽 (Connects radicle and plumule)
       • 子叶 (Cotyledon): 提供养分 (Provides nutrients)
       • 单子叶植物 (Monocotyledons): 一片子叶 (One cotyledon)
       • 双子叶植物 (Dicotyledons): 两片子叶 (Two cotyledons)
  • 3. 胚乳 (Endosperm):
       • 储存养分 (Stores nutrients)
       • 并非所有种子都存在 (Not present in all seeds)

• B. 萌发条件 (Germination Conditions)

  • 1. 水分 (Water):
       • 软化种皮 (Softens seed coat)
       • 激活酶的活性 (Activates enzyme activity)
       • 运输养分 (Transports nutrients)
  • 2. 适宜的温度 (Suitable Temperature):
       • 促进酶的活性 (Promotes enzyme activity)
       • 不同植物的适宜温度不同 (Optimal temperature varies among plants)
  • 3. 氧气 (Oxygen):
       • 进行呼吸作用，提供能量 (For respiration, provides energy)
       • 种子需进行有氧呼吸 (Seeds need aerobic respiration)
  • 4. 光照 (Light):
       • 部分种子需要光照刺激 (Some seeds need light stimulation)
       • 并非所有种子都需要 (Not required for all seeds)

• C. 萌发过程 (Germination Process)

  • 1. 吸水 (Water Absorption): 种子吸水膨胀 (Seed absorbs water and swells)
  • 2. 胚根突破种皮 (Radicle Emergence): 胚根首先突破种皮 (Radicle emerges first)
  • 3. 胚轴伸长 (Hypocotyl Elongation): 胚轴伸长，将子叶推出地面 (Hypocotyl elongates, pushes cotyledons above ground) 或子叶留在地下（根据植物种类不同）(or cotyledons remain underground, depending on the plant species)
  • 4. 胚芽生长 (Plumule Growth): 胚芽展开，形成真叶 (Plumule unfolds, forming true leaves)

II. 营养生长 (Vegetative Growth)

• A. 根 (Root)

  • 1. 功能 (Functions):
       • 吸收水分和无机盐 (Absorption of water and mineral salts)
       • 固定植物 (Anchoring the plant)
       • 储存养分 (Nutrient storage)
  • 2. 类型 (Types):
       • 直根系 (Taproot System): 主根发达，侧根较少 (Prominent main root, fewer lateral roots)
       • 须根系 (Fibrous Root System): 主根不明显，侧根发达 (Main root indistinct, abundant lateral roots)
  • 3. 结构 (Structure):
       • 根冠 (Root Cap): 保护根尖 (Protects root tip)
       • 分生区 (Meristematic Zone): 细胞分裂旺盛 (Active cell division)
       • 伸长区 (Elongation Zone): 细胞体积增大 (Cell enlargement)
       • 成熟区 (Maturation Zone): 细胞分化，形成根毛 (Cell differentiation, forms root hairs)

• B. 茎 (Stem)

  • 1. 功能 (Functions):
       • 支持叶、花和果实 (Support for leaves, flowers, and fruits)
       • 运输水分和养分 (Transport of water and nutrients)
       • 储存养分 (Nutrient storage)
  • 2. 类型 (Types):
       • 直立茎 (Erect Stem)
       • 缠绕茎 (Twining Stem)
       • 匍匐茎 (Creeping Stem)
  • 3. 结构 (Structure):
       • 节 (Node): 叶着生处 (Point where leaves attach)
       • 节间 (Internode): 两节之间的部分 (Section between two nodes)
       • 芽 (Bud):
       • 顶芽 (Terminal Bud): 位于茎的顶端 (Located at the tip of the stem)
       • 侧芽 (Axillary Bud): 位于叶腋 (Located in the leaf axil)
  • 4. 维管束 (Vascular Bundle):
       • 木质部 (Xylem): 运输水分和无机盐 (Transports water and mineral salts)
       • 韧皮部 (Phloem): 运输有机物 (Transports organic substances)

• C. 叶 (Leaf)

  • 1. 功能 (Functions):
       • 光合作用 (Photosynthesis)
       • 蒸腾作用 (Transpiration)
       • 呼吸作用 (Respiration)
  • 2. 结构 (Structure):
       • 叶片 (Leaf Blade)
       • 叶柄 (Petiole)
       • 叶脉 (Veins): 运输水分和养分 (Transports water and nutrients)
  • 3. 内部结构 (Internal Structure):
       • 表皮 (Epidermis): 保护作用 (Protection)
       • 叶肉 (Mesophyll): 光合作用的主要场所 (Main site of photosynthesis)
       • 栅栏组织 (Palisade Mesophyll)
       • 海绵组织 (Spongy Mesophyll)
       • 气孔 (Stomata): 气体交换的通道 (Passageway for gas exchange)

III. 生殖生长 (Reproductive Growth)

• A. 花 (Flower)

  • 1. 结构 (Structure):
       • 花托 (Receptacle): 花的其他部分着生处 (Base of the flower)
       • 花萼 (Sepals): 保护花蕾 (Protects the flower bud)
       • 花瓣 (Petals): 吸引昆虫传粉 (Attracts insects for pollination)
       • 雄蕊 (Stamen):
       • 花药 (Anther): 产生花粉 (Produces pollen)
       • 花丝 (Filament): 支持花药 (Supports the anther)
       • 雌蕊 (Pistil):
       • 柱头 (Stigma): 接受花粉 (Receives pollen)
       • 花柱 (Style): 连接柱头和子房 (Connects stigma and ovary)
       • 子房 (Ovary): 含有胚珠 (Contains ovules)
  • 2. 类型 (Types):
       • 完全花 (Complete Flower): 具有花萼、花瓣、雄蕊和雌蕊 (Has sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils)
       • 不完全花 (Incomplete Flower): 缺少至少一种花部 (Lacks at least one floral part)
       • 两性花 (Perfect Flower): 同时具有雄蕊和雌蕊 (Has both stamens and pistils)
       • 单性花 (Imperfect Flower): 只有雄蕊或只有雌蕊 (Has only stamens or only pistils)

• B. 传粉 (Pollination)

  • 1. 定义 (Definition): 花粉从雄蕊的花药传到雌蕊的柱头上的过程 (The process of pollen transfer from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a pistil)
  • 2. 类型 (Types):
       • 自花传粉 (Self-Pollination): 花粉传到同一朵花的柱头上 (Pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower)
       • 异花传粉 (Cross-Pollination): 花粉传到另一朵花的柱头上 (Pollen is transferred to the stigma of a different flower)
  • 3. 传粉媒介 (Pollination Agents):
       • 昆虫 (Insects): 虫媒花 (Insect-pollinated flowers)
       • 风 (Wind): 风媒花 (Wind-pollinated flowers)
       • 水 (Water): 水媒花 (Water-pollinated flowers)
       • 动物 (Animals): 鸟媒花，兽媒花 (Bird-pollinated flowers, animal-pollinated flowers)

• C. 受精 (Fertilization)

  • 1. 过程 (Process):
       • 花粉落到柱头上 (Pollen lands on the stigma)
       • 花粉管萌发 (Pollen tube germinates)
       • 精子进入胚珠 (Sperm enters the ovule)
       • 一个精子与卵细胞结合形成受精卵 (One sperm fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote)
       • 另一个精子与极核结合形成胚乳核 (Another sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm nucleus)
       • 双受精 (Double Fertilization): 被子植物特有的受精方式 (Fertilization unique to angiosperms)

• D. 果实和种子的形成 (Fruit and Seed Formation)

  • 1. 子房发育成果实 (Ovary develops into fruit)
       • 果皮 (Pericarp): 由子房壁发育而来 (Develops from the ovary wall)
  • 2. 胚珠发育成种子 (Ovule develops into seed)
       • 受精卵发育成胚 (Zygote develops into embryo)
       • 胚乳核发育成胚乳 (Endosperm nucleus develops into endosperm)
  • 3. 果实类型 (Fruit Types):
       • 真果 (True Fruit): 仅由子房发育而来 (Develops only from the ovary)
       • 假果 (False Fruit): 除子房外，还有花的其他部分参与形成 (Develops from the ovary plus other floral parts)
  • 4. 种子传播 (Seed Dispersal):
       • 风力传播 (Wind Dispersal)
       • 水力传播 (Water Dispersal)
       • 动物传播 (Animal Dispersal)
       • 机械传播 (Mechanical Dispersal)

IV. 植物的生命周期 (Plant Life Cycle)

• A. 一年生植物 (Annuals): 在一年内完成生命周期 (Complete their life cycle in one year)
• B. 两年生植物 (Biennials): 需要两年完成生命周期 (Take two years to complete their life cycle)
• C. 多年生植物 (Perennials): 可以存活多年 (Can live for many years)